C + P Chapter 9

Front 1

Physical injury or wound, produced by initial or external force

Back 1

Trauma

Front 2

Force that pulls or stresses tissue
(Ligament Injury)

Back 2

Tension

Front 3

Pulling force beyond the yielding point, resulting in tissue damage (Muscle Strain)

Back 3

Stretching

Front 4

Force resulting in tissue crush (Contusion)

Back 4

Compression

Front 5

Force moving across parallel tissue arrangement (Abrasion)

Back 5

Shearing

Front 6

Force on horizontal beam that places across the horizontal beam (Bone Fracture)

Back 6

Bending

Front 7

Non contractile tissue (Skin LIgament, cartilage, nerve, Fascia)

Back 7

Inert

Front 8

Muscle Tissue

Back 8

Contractile

Front 9

largest organ of the body and consists of two layers

Back 9

Skin

Front 10

Constant rubbing that causes collection of fluid below or within the epidermal layer

Back 10

Friction Blister

Front 11

Skin scraped against a rough surface causing capillary exposure due to skin removal

Back 11

Abrasion

Front 12

Compressive force that causes bleeding under the skin

Back 12

Skin Bruise

Front 13

Wound with irregularly torn skin

Back 13

Laceration

Front 14

Skin is torn away

Back 14

Skin Avulsion

Front 15

Wound with sharply cut skin

Back 15

Incision

Front 16

Penetration by a sharp object

Back 16

Puncture

Front 17

Possess characteristics of irritability, contractility, conductivity and elasticity

Back 17

Skeletal Muscle Injuries

Front 18

Result from sudden direct blow to the body
Can be deep or superficial
Results in hematoma (blood tumor) as blood and lymph escape into tissue spaces
Can also bruise underlying structures (i.e. bone)
Rated by the extent to which ROM is restricted

Back 18

Contusion

Front 19

Athlete struck by hard object
Athlete reports immediate/severe pain and transitory paralysis
Palpation reveals hardened area (hematoma)
Immediate swelling & possible ecchymosis

Back 19

Signs and Symptoms of Contusion

Front 20

Stretch, tear or rip of contractile tissue

Back 20

Strain

Front 21

Wavy parallel fibers, organized in bundles, designed for loading

Back 21

Tendon

Front 22

Can produce an maintain 8,700-18,000 lbs/in²
Fibers straighten during loading and return to shape after loading

Back 22

Tendon

Front 23

Yeild point of Tendon

Back 23

6 to 8 percent

Front 24

Involuntary reflex caused by trauma (protective mechanism)

Back 24

Muscle Spasms

Front 25

quick alternating successions of contraction and relaxation

Back 25

Clonic Muscle Spasms

Front 26

rigid contraction that lasts for a period of time.

Back 26

Tonic Muscle Spasms

Front 27

Over exertion during exercise resulting in muscle pain

Back 27

Muscle Soreness

Front 28

onset muscle soreness – accompanies fatigue and results in immediate soreness

Back 28

Acute Muscle Soreness

Front 29

onset muscle soreness – pain that occurs 24-48 hours after activity and may last 3-4 days (possibly due to muscle microtrauma)

Back 29

Delayed Muscle Soreness

Front 30

How to care for a prevent muscle soreness

Back 30

Preventable though gradual build up in activity
Treat with stretching and ice application

Front 31

Not painful
Results from extended work periods causes fluid accumulation in the muscle that reabsorbs slowly, causing the muscles to be swollen, thicken, and resistant to stretch
Light activity, passive motion, and massage can help

Back 31

Muscle Stiffness

Front 32

Painful involuntary muscle contraction.
May result when muscles are held in shortened position for a period of time.
May also be related to fatigue and dehydration.
Common at night and at rest.

Back 32

Muscle Cramps

Front 33

Following injury, muscles may contract to limit joint ROM and minimize pain.
Involuntary splinting response that is difficult to overcome.

Back 33

Muscle Guarding

Front 34

Discrete, hypersensitive nodule within a tight band of muscle or fascia.

Back 34

Myofascial Trigger Points

Front 35

Doesn’t cause spontaneous pain
May restrict motion
May become aware when pressure is applied

Back 35

Latent Trigger Point

Front 36

Causes pain at rest
Applying pressure = greater pain
Found commonly in postural muscles

Back 36

Active Trigger Point

Front 37

Progress over period of time
Repetitive microtrauma can cause condition
Could be related to poor mechanics/biomechanics
Could result from improperly managed acute injury

Back 37

Chronic Musculoskeletal Injuries

Front 38

Consist of cartilage and fibrous connective tissue

Back 38

Synovial Joints

Front 39

immovable joints (suture of skull)

Back 39

Synarthrotic

Front 40

slightly movable joints (carpal bones of the wrist)

Back 40

Amphiarthrotic

Front 41

freely movavle joints (hip, shoulder, etc.)

Back 41

Diarthrotic

Front 42

Inflammation of muscle tissue or connective tissue

Back 42

Myositis/fascitis

Front 43

Inflammation of tendon
Gradual onset, diffuse tenderness and gradual degeneration
May have swelling and pain

Back 43

Tendonitis

Front 44

Inflammation of the synovial sheath
Can be acute
Swelling, tenderness, crepitus

Back 44

Tenosynovitis

Front 45

Muscle become chronically inflamed and develops myositis
Osteoid (bone forming) material can accumulate rapidly
Will either resolve or mature into actual bone formation in 9-12 months
Common in quadriceps, biceps and deltoid following repeated trauma

Back 45

Ectopic Calcification (myositis ossificans)

Front 46

wasting away of muscle due to immobilization, disuse, or nerve malfunctioning

Back 46

Atrophy

Front 47

Bones held together by a fibrous cuff
Made of bundles of collagen
Fairly strong, can withstand some cross-sectional forces
May be slack or taut depending on joint position

Back 47

Joint capsule

Front 48

Sheets or bundles of collagen that form connection between two bones
Can exist inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the joint capsule
Strongest in the middle, weakest at ends
When stressed, they can tear or avulse at attachment points
Constant stress will weaken, while intermittent stress will strengthen
Act as protective backup for joints
Primary protection is from dynamic muscle action
Will adapt based on Roux’s law of functional adaptation (organ will adapt structurally to an alteration, qualitative or quantitative to function)

Back 48

Sheets or bundles of collagen that form connection between two bones
Can exist inside (intrinsic) or outside (extrinsic) the joint capsule
Strongest in the middle, weakest at ends
When stressed, they can tear or avulse at attachment points
Constant stress will weaken, while intermittent stress will strengthen
Act as protective backup for joints
Primary protection is from dynamic muscle action
Will adapt based on Roux’s law of functional adaptation (organ will adapt structurally to an alteration, qualitative or quantitative to function)

Front 49

Lines articular capsule
Secretes and absorbs synovial fluid for lubricant
Fluid viscosity will changed based on movement

Back 49

Synovial membrane

Front 50

fluid thins

Back 50

Synovial membrane fast movement

Front 51

 fluid thickens

Back 51

Synovial membrane Slow Movement

Front 52

Provides some cushioning and support
No direct blood or nerve supply
Fibrocartilage: vertebral discs, symphysis pubic, menisci (of knee and other structures)
Elastic: external ear, eustachian tubes

Back 52

Articular cartilage

Front 53

 pads in elbow and knee

Back 53

Fat

Front 54

Vary in shape and size (vertebral discs)
Aid is dispersing synovial fluid

Back 54

Articular Disks

Front 55

Virtually all structures of a synovial joint have some nerve supply.
Some nerves are pain receptors, others provide joint position feedback (mechanoreceptors)

Back 55

Nerve Supply

Front 56

movement in all planes (hip, shoulder)

Back 56

Ball and Socket joint

Front 57

allows flexion and extension (elbow)

Back 57

Hinge Joint

Front 58

rotation about an axis (cervical atlas and axis)

Back 58

Pivot Joint

Front 59

elliptical convex and concave articulation (wrist)

Back 59

Ellipsoidal Joint

Front 60

reciprocally convex-concave articulation (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb)

Back 60

Saddle Joint

Front 61

sliding back and forth (carpal bones)

Back 61

Gliding Joint

Front 62

The more more stable a joint is, the less __________ it is

Back 62

Mobile

Front 63

he more more Mobile a joint is, the less __________ it is

Back 63

Stable

Front 64

 involve inert tissue (ligament, joint capsule)

Back 64

Joint Sprain

Front 65

Most vulnerable joints

Back 65

Ankles Knees and shoulders

Front 66

partial dislocation causing incomplete separation of two bones

Back 66

Subluxation

Front 67

total disunion of bone opposition of articular surfaces

Back 67

Dislocation (luxation)

Front 68

disjointing of two parallel bones or rupture of a solid joint (symphysis pubis)

Back 68

Diastasis

Front 69

Most comonly dislocated

Back 69

Finger

Front 70

once a dislocation it is ___________ a dislocation

Back 70

always

Front 71

AKA osteochondritis dissecans and apophysitis (if at a tubercle/tuberosity)
Cause not well understood
Degenerative changes to epiphysis of bone during rapid child growth
Possible causes: aseptic necrosis; fracture of cartilage/fissures in subchondral bone; trauma leading to cartilage fragmentation, with swelling, pain and locking
Apophyseal injuries may include avulsion fracture

Back 71

Osteochondrosis

Front 72

Wearing away of hyaline cartilage through normal use
May be result of: direct blow; pressure from carrying or lifting heavy loads repeatedly; repeated trauma from running, etc.
Commonly affects weight bearing joints
Symptoms include: pain; stiffness; morning pain; localized tenderness; creating and/or grating

Back 72

Osteoarthritis

Front 73

 fluid filled sac that develops in areas of friction (over a dozen in the knee)

Back 73

Bursa

Front 74

 fluid filled sac that develops in areas of friction (over a dozen in the knee)

Back 74

Bursitis

Front 75

result of repeated joint trauma

Back 75

Capsulitis

Front 76

can be acute, but may result from mistreatment of joint injury

Back 76

Synovitis

Front 77

Dense connective
tissue matrix
Outer compact tissue
Inner porous
cancellous bone

Back 77

Skeletal

Front 78

Flat bones

Back 78

skull, ribs, scapula

Front 79

Irregular bones

Back 79

vertebrae, skull

Front 80

Short bones

Back 80

wrist and ankle

Front 81

Long bones

Back 81

humerus, tibia, ulna,

Front 82

shaft of bone, hollow & cylindrical

Back 82

Diaphysis

Front 83

end of bone, contains growth plates, covered with hyaline cartilage, serves as an area for muscle/tendon & ligament attachments

Back 83

Epiphysis

Front 84

outer covering, good vascular and nerve supply, also contains osteoblasts

Back 84

Periosteum

Front 85

ammation of periosteum
Most commonly – bone contusion

Back 85

Periostitis

Front 86

partial or complete disruption of bone continuity

Back 86

Acute Fracture

Front 87

Injury to growth plate
Articular epiphysis
Apophyseal injury

Back 87

Epiphyseal Conditions

Front 88

compression and tension are the main causes of what?

Back 88

Nerve damage

Front 89

pinching, burning, tingling, muscle weakness, radiating pain

Back 89

Causes of nerve trauma