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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what dz is known as the shaking palsy?
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parkinsons dz
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what is the cause of parkinsons?
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there is an imbalance of dopamine and ACh. the substantia nigra is degenerated and there is a lack of dopamine.
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How does the normal system b/t ACh, dopamine and GABA work?
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normally ACh is released and it encourages the release of GABA, dopamine is also released and it inhibits the release of GABA. GABA is a inhibitor itself so when there is less dopamine, GABA is released like crazy.
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what is usually the first sign for parkinsons dz?
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hand tremors 4 to 7Hz and most conspicuou at rest. it tends to go away with sleep or when grabbing something
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what do the hand tremors in parkinsons come from?
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they come from disinhibition, one tract is inhibited and the other is excited.
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hypokinesia is associated with what and give examples
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parkinsons dz, the pt loses automatic movement such as swinging arms when walking, face is immobile including blinking (dry eye), voice is quiet, and handwriting is small.
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when you try to move a persons arm that has parkinsons what happens and what is it due to?
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the arm will move in a jerky motion like a ratchet, it is due to rigidity or increased tone. (cogwheel)
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what would you expect from a person with parkinsons when they are walking or getting up?
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they will have difficulty getting out of a bed or chair, difficult to start walking so they lean forward, their gait will be small.
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something such as a sharp corner will do what to a person with parkinsons?
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this will act as a visual obstruction, they will have a hard time moving with this in there way. tap on the ground is a good way to help them get past it.
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what is myers sign and what dz is it associated with?
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this is when you tap on the persons forhead and tell them not to blink. normals will blink the first time but no more. parkinsons pts will blink all of the time.
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what is blepharoclonus and what dz is it associated with?
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it is fluttering of closed lids and it is associated with parkinsons dz.
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what two general catagories of drugs are used to help parkinsons pts?
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anticholinergic (blocks ACh from stimulating GABA) and dopaminergic (which inhances the actions of dopamine.
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what types of drugs are most common for parkinsons patients?
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drugs that increase dopamine levels. such as levadopa, carbidopa, amantadine.
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what drug used for parkinsons dz is a dopamine precursor?
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levodopa
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levodopa in combo with what is even better than when it is by itself?
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carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone
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what parkinsons drug used to be an antiviral drug for the flu
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amantadine
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what is the down side to using levodopa by itself?
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it makes patients very sick
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Dopamine agonists are for what dz? Do they always work?
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Parkinsons dz they dont always work if drugs such as levodopa dont work then the agonists will not work.
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catechol o methyltransferase (COMT) is what
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is a chemical that breaks down levodopa, so COMT inhibitors slow the breakdown.
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when dealing with parkinsons dz what would an anticholinergic drug be good for?
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they are only good to help maintain the tremors.
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what kind of surgery options are there for parkinsons dz
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-deep brain stimulation (thalamic stimulation) - a pacemaker implanted into thalamus to control tremor.
- thalamotomy - production of a lesion in thalamic nuclei by thermal, or electrical means - pallidotomy - surgical destruction of part of the thalamus. |
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what is in the future for parkinsons management?
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-neruoprotective agents that deactivate free radicals
- neural transplants from pigs - genetic engineering to modify the cells producing dopamine. -gene therapy- injection of virus with genes to produce GABA - implantation of human RPE cells |
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how is huntingtons inherited?
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in an autosomal dominant manner which means that 50% of the offsprings will have it
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when do the symptoms of Huntington's usually show up in life?
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adulthood. they usually begin in fourth or fifth decade.
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what is the dz if ACh production is low, Dopamine is normal, also what will GABA be high or low?
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this is the case of Huntingtons dz, GABA will be low.
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what are some of the movement characteristics of Huntington's dz
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chorea- dance like movements
dementia - seen early as moodiness and irritability. |
