C++ Chapter 3: Expressions And Interactivity

Front 1

3.1: concept: The cin object can be used to read data typed at the keyboard.

Back 1

THE cin OBJECT CAN BE USED TO READ DATA TYPED AT THE KEYBOARD.

Front 2

Just as cout is C++'s standard output object, cin is the standard ________ object.

Back 2

input object. It reads input from the console (or keyboard).

Front 3

The cout object is used to display a question. This is called a ________.

Back 3

Prompt. It tells the user what data he or she should enter.

Front 4

Your program should display a prompt before it uses cin to read input. Yes or No.

Back 4

Yes. This way, the user will know that he or she must type a value at the keyboard.

Front 5

What is the symbol used in the stream extraction operator?

Back 5

>> cin >>

Front 6

When gathering input from the user, normally two steps must occur:

Back 6

1. Use the cout object to display a prompt on the screen.

2. Use th cin object to read a value from the keyboard.

Front 7

The stream insertion operator points ________ cout, while the stream extraction operator points toward the ___________.

Back 7

toward, variable

Front 8

The cin object causes a program to wait until data is typed at the keyboard and the [Enter] key is pressed. True or False?

Back 8

True. No other lines in the program will be executed until cin gets its input.

Front 9

cin does not automatically convert the data read from the keyboard to the data type of the variable used to store it. True/False?

Back 9

False. cin DOES automatically convert the data read from the keyboard to the data type of the variable used to store it. cin is smart enough to know if a character must be converted to it's corresponding data type before it is stored in it's assigned variable.

Front 10

What file must you include in any program that uses cin?

Back 10

The iostream file must be included in any program that uses cin.

Front 11

Can the cin object be used to gather multiple values at once?

Back 11

Yes. Ex: cin >> height >> weight;

Front 12

Will cin read multiple values of different data types?

Back 12

Yes. Ex:

cin >> while >> fraction >> letter >> name;

Front 13

When the user types values at the keyboard, what area of memory are those values first stored?

Back 13

the keyboard buffer

Ex:

| 5 | . | 7 | | 4 | | b |[Enter]|

Front 14

3.2 concept: C++ allows you to construct complex mathematical expressions using multiple operators and grouping symbols.

Back 14

C++ ALLOWS YOU TO CONSTRUCT COMPLEX MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS USING MULTIPLE OPERATORS AND GROUPING SYMBOLS.

Front 15

In programming, what is an expression?

Back 15

a An expression is a programming statement that has a value. Ex: sum = 21 + 3;

grow = 32 * 8; tux = 67 - 7;

Front 16

What is precedence?

Back 16

priority in importance, order, or rank.

Front 17

Which operator has the higher precedence?

+ or /

Back 17

(/) division has higher precedence than (+) addition.

Front 18

What is an operator's associativity?

Back 18

it is either left to right, or right to left.

Front 19

Does C++ have an exponent operator?

Back 19

No.

Front 20

Raising the number to a power requires the use of a _________ __________.

Back 20

library function.

Front 21

What is a library in C++?

Back 21

a library in C++ is a collection of specialized functions.

Front 22

pow is the library function for power, and it's purpose is to...

Back 22

raise a number to a power.

Ex. area = pow(4.0, 2.0);

Front 23

Consider this example:

area = pow(4.0, 2.0);

This statement contains a ____ to the pow function.

The numbers inside the parentheses are ___________.

Back 23

call,

arguments

Front 24

What are arguments?

Back 24

data being sent to the function.

Front 25

The pow function always raises the first argument to the power of the __________ argument.

Back 25

second.

Front 26

The result is __________ from the function and used in the statement where the functions call appears.

Back 26

returned

Front 27

The header file must be added when using the pow function. Yes or No?

Back 27

Yes. without it errors will occur when your program is compiled. The header must be included in order to use the pow function.

Front 28

What are some guidelines that should be followed when the pow function is used?

Back 28

1. the program must include the header file.

2. the arguments that you pass to the pow function should be doubles.

3. The variable used to store pow's return value should be defined as a double.

Front 29

3.3: concept: When an operator's operands are of different data types, C++ will automatically convert them to the same data type. This can affect the results of mathematical expressions.

Back 29

WHEN AN OPERATOR'S OPERANDS ARE OF DIFFERENT DATA TYPES, C++ WILL AUTOMATICALLY CONVERT THEM TO THE SAME DATA TYPE. THIS CAN AFFECT THE RESULTS OF MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSIONS.

Front 30

C++ follows a set of rules when performing mathematical operations on variables of different types. Yes or No?

Back 30

Yes.

Front 31

One data type outranks another if it can hold a __________ number. Larger or Smaller?

Back 31

Larger. One data type outranks another if it can hold a larger number.

Front 32

Here is a list of data types in order of their rank, from highest to lowest.

Back 32

1. long double

2. double

3. float

4. unsigned long

5. long

6. unsigned int

7. int

Front 33

One exception to the data type ranking is when an int and a long are the same size. What happens then?

Back 33

In that case, when an int and a long are the same size, an unsigned int out ranks long because it can hold a higher value.

Front 34

When C++ is working with an operator, it doesn't strive to convert the operands to the same type. True/False?

Back 34

False. C++, when working with an operator, STRIVES to convert the operands to the same type.

Front 35

When C++ strives to convert the operands to the to the same type, what is it known as?

Back 35

type coercion.

Front 36

When a value is converted to a higher data type, it is said to be, what?

Back 36

promoted.

Front 37

When a value is converted to a lower data type it is called?

Back 37

being demoted.

Front 38

Rule 1:chars, shorts, and unsigned shorts are automatically promoted to ___.

Back 38

int.

Front 39

Rule 2: When an operator works with two values of different data types, the lower-ranking value is ____________ to the type of the higher-ranking value.

Back 39

promoted

Front 40

Rule 3: When the final value of an expression is assigned to a variable, IT WILL be converted to the _____ _____ of that variable.

Back 40

data type

Front 41

When you divide an integer by another integer in C++, the result is always an ___________. If there is a remainder, it will be __________.

Back 41

integer,

discarded

Front 42

In order for a division operation to return a floating-point value, AT LEAST ONE of the operands must be of a _____________ data type.

Back 42

floating-point

Front 43

3.4: concept: When a variable is assigned a value that is too large or too small in range for that variable's data type, the variable overflows or underflows.

Back 43

WHEN A VARIABLE IS ASSIGNED A VALUE THAT IS TOO LARGE OR TOO SMALL IN RANGE FOR THAT VARIABLE'S DATA TYPE, THE VARIABLE OVERFLOWS OR UNDERFLOWS.

Front 44

When a variable is assigned a number that is too large for its data type, it ___________.

Back 44

overflows.

Front 45

Assigning a value that is too small for a variable causes it to ___________.

Back 45

underflow.

Front 46

Typically, when an integer overflows, its contents wrap around to that data type's ___________ possible value.

Back 46

lowest.

Front 47

Is a warning or error message given, when working with numbers close to the maximum or minimum range of an integer? Yes or No?

Back 47

No. So pay close attention! If an overflow or underflow occurs, the program will use the incorrect number and therefore produce incorrect results.

Front 48

3.5: concept: Type casting allows you to perform manual datA type conversion.

Back 48

TYPE CASTING ALLOWS YOU TO PERFORM MANUAL DATA TYPE CONVERSION.

Front 49

What does type cast expression allow you to do?

Back 49

Type cast expression lets you manually promote or demote a value.

Front 50

What is the general format of type cast expression ?

Back 50

static_cast(Value)

Front 51

The Value in static_cast(Value) is a _________ or __________ value that you wish to convert and DataType is the data type you wish to __________ Value to.

Back 51

variable, literal, convert

Front 52

C++ provides several different type cast expressions. static_cast is the most commonly used type cast expression. True || False?

Back 52

True.

Front 53

3:6: concept: Multiple assignment means to assign the same value to several variables with one statement.

Back 53

MULTIPLE ASSIGNMENT MEANS TO ASSIGN THE SAME VALUE TO SEVERAL VARIABLES WITH ONE STATEMENT.

Front 54

Does C++ allow you to assign a value to multiple variables at once?

Back 54

Yes. If a program has several variables, such as a, b, c, and d, and each variable needs to be assigned a value, such as 12, the following statement may be constructed:

a = b = c = d = 12;

Front 55

Compound assignment operators,

compound operators, and

arithmetic assignment operators

all mean the same thing. Yes or No?

Back 55

Yes.

Front 56

3.7: concept: The cout object provides ways to format data as it is being displayed. This affects the way data appears on the screen.

Back 56

THE cout OBJECT PROVIDES WAYS TO FORMAT DATA AS IT IS BEING DISPLAYED. THIS AFFECTS THE WAY DATA APPEARS ON THE SCREEN.

Front 57

What is formatting?

Back 57

Formatting is the way a value is printed.

Front 58

cout offers a way of specifying the minimum number of spaces to use for each number. True of False?

Back 58

True.

Front 59

A stream manipulator, ____, can be used to establish print fields of a specified width.

Back 59

setw

Front 60

Here is an example the uses setw:

Back 60

value = 23;

cout << "(" << stew(5) << value << ")";

Front 61

The number inside the parentheses after the word setw specifies the _____ ______ for the value immediately following it.

Back 61

field width.

Front 62

What is field width?

Back 62

The field width is the minimum number of character positions, or spaces, on the screen to print the value in.

Front 63

What does it mean to be right-justified?

Back 63

When a value appears on the right side of the field with blank spaces it in front. this is also known as padding!

Front 64

What is precision?

Back 64

the total number of digits that appear before and after the decimal point.

Front 65

Floating-point values may be rounded to a number of ____________ _______, or precision.

Back 65

significant digits.

Front 66

You can control the number of significant digits with which floating-point values are displayed by using the what manipulator?

Back 66

the setprecision manipulator

Front 67

To use the setprecision manipulator what header file must be included to the program?

Back 67

<iomanip>

Front 68

What is the purpose of the fixed manipulator?

Back 68

The fixed manipulator forces cout to print digits in fixed-point notation, or decimal.

Front 69

When the fixed manipulator is used, all floating-point numbers that are ______________ printed will be displayed in _______ point notation, with the number of digits to the right of the decimal point specified by the _____________ manipulator.

Back 69

subsequently, fixed, setprecision.

Front 70

When the _______ and setprecision manipulators are used together, the _______ specified by the ____________ manipulator will be the number of digits to appear after the decimal point, NOT the number of significant digits.

Back 70

fixed, value, setprecision

Front 71

By default, floating-point numbers are not displayed with trailing _______, and floating-point numbers that do not have a __________ _____ are NOT displayed with a decimal point.

Back 71

zeroes, fractional part

Front 72

If we want the numbers padded with trailing zeroes, we must use what manipulator?

Back 72

the showpoint manipulator.

Front 73

Normally, in C++, output is ________ justified.

Back 73

right

Front 74

You can cause the values to be left-justified by using the ______ manipulator.

Back 74

left manipulator

Front 75

The left manipulator remains in effect until you use the _______ manipulator, which causes all subsequent output to be right-justified.

Back 75

right manipulator

Front 76

Describe what the setw(n) stream manipulator does:

Back 76

Establishes a print field of n spaces.

Front 77

describe what the fixed stream manipulator does:

Back 77

Displays floating-point numbers in fixed point notation.

Front 78

Describe what the showpoint stream manipulator does:

Back 78

It causes a decimal point and trailing zeroes to be displayed, even if there is no fractional part.

Front 79

Describe what the setprecision(n) stream manipulator does:

Back 79

It sets the precision of floating-point numbers.

Front 80

Describe what the left stream manipulator does:

Back 80

It causes subsequent output to be left justified.

Front 81

what does subsequent mean?

Back 81

coming after something in time; following.

Front 82

Describe what the right stream manipulator does:

Back 82

It causes subsequent output to be right justified.

Front 83

3.8: concept: Special functions exist for working with characters and string objects.

Back 83

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS EXIST FOR WORKING WITH CHARACTERS AND string OBJECTS.

Front 84

When cin reads input, it passes over and ignores any leading ______________ characters.

Once it comes to the first non-blank character and starts reading, it stops reading when it gets to the next whitespace character.

Back 84

whitespace

Front 85

What is whitespace?

Back 85

(spaces, tabs, or line breaks).

Front 86

What does the getline function do?

Back 86

The getline function reads an entire line, including leading and embedded spaces, and stores it in a string object.

Front 87

Here is what the getline function looks like:

Back 87

getline(cin, inputLine);

Front 88

Which member function of cin reads a single character, including any whitespace character.

Back 88

cin.get( )

Front 89

the cin.get member function is good for a programs that pauses it's screen until the [Enter] key is pressed.

Back 89

Or it can also be useful for a program that uses "hit [Enter] key to continue" within it's program.

Front 90

There is three ways to us the cin.get function:

Back 90

cin.get(variable);

variable = cin.get( );

cin.get( );

Front 91

What type of character does the [Enter] key store in the keyboard buffer?

Back 91

the newline character ('\n')

Front 92

What is the purpose of the cin.ignore( ) function?

Back 92

The cin.ignore( ) function tells the cin object to skip one or more characters in the keyboard buffer.

Front 93

cin.ignore( ) can have arguments within it's parentheses. True or False?

Back 93

True. the arguments shown within the parentheses are optional.