Byzantium/islamic Empires

Front 1

Absolute

Back 1

Viewed or existing independently and not in relation to other things. Total.

Front 2

Iconoclast

Back 2

Religious symbols and painting were destroyed.

Front 3

Excommunicate

Back 3

To officially exclude someone from the Christian Church.

Front 4

Heretic

Back 4

Someone who believes in or practicing religious heresy.

Front 5

Icon

Back 5

Image.

Front 6

Patriarch

Back 6

Male head of a family, group, or tribe.

Front 7

Hegira

Back 7

Migration or journey of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Yathrib in 62 CE.

Front 8

Jihad

Back 8

Islamic term referring to the religious duty of Muslims to maintain the religion. In Arabic, the word jihād is a noun meaning "to strive, to apply oneself, to struggle, to persevere".

Front 9

Caliph

Back 9

Acted in Muhammad's place after his death in 632 and was the leader of Islam (sunni).

Front 10

Alchemist

Back 10

Alchemy is defined as the process of taking something ordinary and turning it into something extraordinary, sometimes in a way that cannot be explained.

Front 11

Astrolabe

Back 11

The astrolabe is a very ancient astronomical computer for solving problems relating to time and the position of the Sun and stars in the sky.

Front 12

Sultan

Back 12

Muslim sovereign. "Strength" "Authority" "Leadership"

Front 13

Constantine

Back 13

Roman Emperor from 306 to 337 AD. First emperor to totally convert to Christianity.

Front 14

Constantinople

Back 14

Constantine's capital; huge, beautiful, and rich city.

Front 15

Hagia Sophie

Back 15

Greek orthodox chapel, huge dome. Holy Wisdom. Changed history of architecture.

Front 16

Theodora

Back 16

Justinian's empress. Before marrying Justinian she as an 'entertainer' and lead to great power along side Justinian.

Front 17

Eastern Orthodox

Back 17

Catholic Orthodox Church. Christian church.

Front 18

Arabia

Back 18

Before modern it was divided into four distinct regions: Hejaz, Najd, Southern Arabia and Eastern Arabia. Hejaz and Najd make-up most of modern-day Saudi Arabia. Southern Arabia consists of modern-day Yemen and some parts of Saudi Arabia and Oman (Dhofar).

Front 19

Roman Catholic Church

Back 19

The branch of Christianity headed by the pope. The Roman Catholic Church is governed by a hierarchy with the pope at the top and, at the lower levels, bishops and priests.

Front 20

Mecca

Back 20

Islam’s holiest city, as it’s the birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad and the faith itself. Only Muslims are allowed in the city, with millions arriving for the annual Hajj (pilgrimage).

Front 21

Bedouin

Back 21

Semi-nomadic Arab group. "Desert-dwellers".

Front 22

Kaaba

Back 22

The most sacred Muslim pilgrim shrine in Mecca, black stone believed to have been given by Gabriel to Abraham. Muslims turn in its direction when praying

Front 23

Muhammad

Back 23

Messenger of Allah. Taught Islam and Muslim.

Front 24

Allah

Back 24

God, concept belief in God.

Front 25

Khadya

Front 26

Medina

Back 26

"The Prophet's Mosque" which is the burial place of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and is the second-holiest city in Islam after Mecca.

Front 27

Muslims

Back 27

Relates to a person who follows the religion of Islam, a monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based on the Quran.

Front 28

Islam

Back 28

Monotheistic and Abrahamic religion based upon the Qur'an, a religious text considered by its adherents to be the verbatim word of God. If your Islam your Muslim.

Front 29

Koran(Qur'an)

Back 29

The Quran is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims believe to be a revelation from God.

Front 30

Ramadan

Back 30

Holy month of fasting, introspection and prayer. Fasting is one of the five fundamental principles of Islam.

Front 31

**Shi'a vs Sunni

Back 31

85-90% of the world's Muslims are Sunni and 10-15% are Shia.

Front 32

Sunna

Back 32

Sunna , the body of traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community. Along with the holy book of Islam and Hadith (recorded sayings of the Prophet Muhammad), it is a major source of Islamic law.

Front 33

? Fatimid

Back 33

A member of a dynasty that ruled in parts of northern Africa, Egypt, and Syria from 909 to 1171, and founded Cairo as its capital in 969.

Front 34

House of Wisdom

Back 34

Based in Baghdad many learned scholars including those of Jewish or Christian background were part of this research and educational institute. Besides translating books into Arabic and preserving them, scholars also made many remarkable original contributions to diverse fields.

Front 35

Sufi

Back 35

Muslim ascetic and mystic (practice).

Front 36

Abbasids

Back 36

Abbasid Caliphate was the third of the Islamic caliphates to succeed the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The Abbasid dynasty descended from Muhammad's youngest uncle.

Front 37

Umayyads

Back 37

Umayyad Caliphate was the second of the four major Islamic caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. This caliphate was centered on the Umayyad dynasty, hailing from Mecca

Front 38

Slavs

Back 38

Slavs are the largest Indo-European ethno-linguistic group in Europe. They live in Central Europe, Eastern Europe, Southeast Europe, North Asia and Central Asia.

Front 39

Cyril

Back 39

It is derived from the Greek name Kyrillos, meaning "Lordly, Masterful" which in turn derives from Greek Kyrios "Lord".

Front 40

Runs ?

Front 41

Kiev

Back 41

Kiev or Kyiv is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country.

Front 42

Vladimir ?

Front 43

Turks

Back 43

Turkish people.