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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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When did the Arab Muslim caliphates replace the Persian as Byzantium's main rival in the east |
No exact date but 636 battle of Al-Qadisiyyah (Rashidun victory over Yazdegerd III) marks the beggining of the Muslim conquest of Persia |
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Political structure of caliphates |
-Caliphate - Muslim Empire, meant to encompass all muslims -Lead by Caliphs - successors of God |
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Date of the first Fitna and the victor |
655-661, Umayyad caliphate replaces Rashidun |
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Date of second Fitna and the result |
684-692, Umayyad victory, Zubayrids and Alids suppressed
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Date of third Fitna and the resul, plus how was it different |
744-750, inter-Umayyad civil war, victory of Marwan II but greatly weakened |
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Date and result of Abbasid revolution |
746-750, Abbasids overthrow Umayyads |
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When did the Abbasid caliphate begin to disintegrate? |
9th Century, lost land in spain + north africa |
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Which other caliphates arose instead? |
-Umayyads in spain -Idrisids in Morroco -Aghlabids in Tunisia -Tahirids in Afghanistan/Khorasan |
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Who would be the main players in the Muslim middle east in the 10th century? |
-Fatimids -Hamdanids -Buyids |
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Characteristics of the Muslim caliphates |
-sophisticated administration - minted coins, booming economy -Islamic faith central - caliphs successors to god and protectors of the faith -Inherited administrative systems of the Persians and East Romans |
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Describe the early Muslim conquest state |
-Very decentralised - relied on native, existing forms of government -Muslims from Arabia formed the ruling elite - lived apart from the rest of the population -Jizya tax on non-muslims |
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Details on the early Islamic attacks on Byzantium |
-Main attacks when the caliphates were strong - 670s and 717 -717 failed siege of Constantinople marks a turning point- did not attempt to conquer of Constantinople afterwards -raiding in early/mid 8th Century -Aggressive assaults on Byzantium in 790s/800s |
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What stopped or delayed many Islamic attacks |
-Civil wars - 655-661, 680-692, 744-750, 810s -Wars on other frontiers and regional rebellions -post-860 disintegration of Abassid power |
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How did the aims of the caliphates change? |
post-717 siege of Constantinople they abandoned the goal of taking Constantinople |
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How did the Byzantine Empire and the Muslim Caliphates view each other? |
-mixture of hatred + racism but also admiration and respect -neighbouring aggressive empires -incompatible religions and world views -wars seen as holy |
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How do the empires compare in terms of size and centralisation |
-The Muslim caliphates were much larger but more decentralised and unstable |
