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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Experiments
The basic unit of an experiment upon which the treatment is applied. |
What is the individual.
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Experiments
An experimental condition where neither the subjects nor the diagnosticians know which treatment each subject received. |
What is double blind.
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Experiments
A weakness in experiments where the setting of the experiment does not realistically duplicate the conditions we really want to study. |
What is lack of realism.
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Experiments
An experimental design where all experimental units are assigned at random to treatments. |
What is completely randomized.
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Experiments
A study in which treatments are imposed on the individuals before responses are measured. |
What is an experiment.
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Experiments
The grouping of experimental units according to some similar characteristic. The random allocation is carried out separately within each group. |
What is blocking.
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Experiments
A treatment where no experimental condition or a placebo treatment is applied to the units in order to determine whether the active treatments work. This enables the researcher to “control” lurking variables. |
What is a control.
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Experiments
A study in which data are gathered without imposing treatments on the individuals. |
What is an observational study.
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Experiments
A variable that is studied to determine whether it affects (explains) the outcomes of a study. |
What is the explanatory variable.
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Experiments
A variable that has an effect on the response variable but is not of interest to the researcher and yet must be taken into account. |
What is a lurking variable.
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Experiments
The response of patients to any treatment that has no physical effect. |
What is placebo effect.
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Experiments
A method of assigning experimental units to treatment groups that eliminates bias and gives each unit the same probability of being assigned to any treatment group. |
What is randomization.
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Experiments
Results of a study that differ too much from what we expected because of randomization to attribute to chance. |
What is statistically significant.
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Experiments
A situation where the effect of one variable on the response variable cannot be separated from the effect of another variable on the response variable. |
What is confounding.
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Experiments
The application all the treatments to more than one individual within an experiment. |
What is replication.
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Sampling
Type of sampling required for inference. |
What is a probability sample.
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Sampling
Using results from a sample to draw conclusions about the entire population. |
What is inference.
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Sampling
A sampling scheme where the population has been divided into strata according to some characteristic and a simple random sample is selected from each strata. |
What is a stratified sample.
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Sampling
A sample selected using a random device and not human subjectivity. |
What is a probability sample.
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Sampling
A method of sample selection that consists of people choosing themselves by responding to a general appeal. |
What is a voluntary response sample.
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Sampling
A condition that occurs when the design of a study systematically favors certain outcomes. |
What is bias.
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Sampling
The entire group of individuals about whom we desire to collect information. |
What is the population of interest.
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Sampling
A subgroup of the population that we actually examine and about whom we gather information. |
What is the sample.
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Sampling
A sample of size n selected from the population in such a way that each possible sample of size n has an equally likely chance of being selected. |
What is a simple random sample or SRS.
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Sampling
A sample type where the researcher contacts those subjects who are readily available and does not use any random selection. |
What is a convenience sample.
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Data analysis
An observation that falls outside the overall pattern of the data set. |
What is an outlier.
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Data analysis
A measure for the center of the data that “balances” the data. |
What is the mean.
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Data analysis
A measure of the center of data that splits the data in half. |
What is the median.
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Data analysis
A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data below it. |
What is the first quartile or Q1.
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Data analysis
A location measure of the data that has one fourth or 25% of the data above it. |
What is the third quartile or Q3.
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The symbol for sample mean.
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What is x bar
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The symbol for population or distribution mean.
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What is "μ"
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The symbol for response variable.
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What is “y”’
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The symbol for explanatory variable.
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What is “x”
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The symbol for sample standard deviation.
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What is “s”
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The symbol for population or distribution standard deviation.
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What is "σ"
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The symbol for correlation coefficient.
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What is "r"
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The symbol for sample size.
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What is “n”
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The symbol for the first quartile.
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What is “Q1”
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The symbol for the third quartile.
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What is “Q3”
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Variability
A representative measure of the deviations of the data about the mean. |
What is standard deviation.
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Variability
The maximum observation minus the minimum observation. |
What is range.
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Variability
A measure of the “average” or typical deviation of the observations about the mean. |
What is standard deviation.
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Variability
The difference between the third quartile (Q3) and the first quartile (Q1). |
What is interquartile range or IQR.
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Variability
The measure of variability that should be used for strongly skewed data or data with outliers. |
What is interquartile range.
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Normal distributions
A curve that is mound shaped symmetric used to model data from measurements on animal species. |
What is a Normal distribution.
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Normal distributions
A normal distribution that has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. |
What is the standard Normal distribution.
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Normal distributions
A measure of the number of standard deviations of a value or observation from the mean. |
What is z-score.
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Normal distributions
In a Normal distribution, the percentages of values that are within one standard deviation of the mean. |
What is 68%.
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Normal distributions
In a Normal distribution, the percentage of values that are within two standard deviations of the mean. |
What is 95%.
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Distributions and Graphs
A graph for categorical data. |
What is bar graph.
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Distributions and Graphs
A plot of data that incorporates the maximum observation, the minimum observation, the first quartile, the second quartile (median) and the third quartile. |
What is a boxplot.
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Distributions and Graphs
A distribution where the left side of the distribution extends in a long tail. |
What is left skewed.
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Distributions and Graphs
A list of the possible values of a variable together with the frequencies of each value. |
What is a distribution.
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Distributions and Graphs
The shape of a distribution where the mean exceeds the median. |
What is right skewed.
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Distributions and Graphs
A plot used to provide a picture of one variable quantitative data |
What is a stemplot, a dotplot, a histogram or a boxplot.
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Distributions and Graphs
The shape of a histogram where the median exceeds the mean. |
What is left-skewed.
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Distributions and Graphs
The shape of a histogram where the mean equals the median. |
What is symmetric.
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Distributions and Graphs
The recommended plot for displaying small quantitative data sets. |
What is a stemplot.
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Distributions and Graphs
The preferred measures of spread and center for strongly skewed distributions or distributions with outliers. |
What are median and interquartile range.
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