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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Homeostasis
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steady-state physiological condition of the body
-ability to regulate the internal environment |
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Thermoregulation
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how organisms regulate their body temp
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Osmoregulation
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how organisms regulate solute balance and gain/loss of water
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Excretion
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how organisms get rid of nitrogenous wastes
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Ectotherm
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an organism whose body temp is determined by external enviroment (ambient temp) cold blooded
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Endotherm
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an organism whose body temp is determined by internal environment (warm blooded)
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Ammonia
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NH3
most toxic nitrogenous waste, soluable in water -excreted by most aquatic organisms -in terrestrial animals, energy must be spent to convert it to urea or uric acid |
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Urea
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-nitrogenous waste
-can be excreted in more concentrated form= water conservation in terrestrial animals -produced in liver |
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Uric Acid
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nitrogenous waste
-excreted by some land snails, insects, birds, reptiles -excreted as a precipitate after water has been reabsorbed |
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Osmoconformers
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organisms that maintain osmoregulation at same level as external environment (aquatic/marine organisms)
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Osmoregulators
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organisms that actively discharge or take in water
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Osmoregulation in Marine Invertebrates
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live in salt water
isotonic body fluid excrete ammonia urine is isotonic |
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Osmoregulation in Planaria
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live in fresh water
hypertonic body fluid need to loose water excrete ammonia urine is hypotonice |
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Osmoregulation in Marine Bony Fish
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live in salt water
hypotonic body fluids need to gain water excrete ammonia urine is isotonic |
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Osmoregulation in Sharks
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live in salt water
isotonic body fluid no net loss or gain of water excrete urea urine is isotonic |
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Osmoregulation in Frogs
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live in fresh water
body fluid hypertonic need to lose water excrete urea urine is iso/hypotonic |
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Osmoregulation in Rats
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live on land
body fluids hypotonic need to gain water excrete urea long loops of henle urine is hypertonic |
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Osmoregulation in Marine Mammals
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live in salt water
hypotonic body fluid need to gain water excrete urea have loops of henle urine is hypertonic |
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Osmoregulation in Humans
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body fluid strongly hypotonic
need to gain water excrete urea long loops of henle urine is hypertonic |
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How animals solve water balance problems
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transport epithelium- proteins for passive and active transport
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insect excretory system
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malpighian tubules made up of transport epithelium
-excretory and digestive system connected -hindgut reabsorbs important molecules before excretion |
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parts of the kidney
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-outer renal cortex
-inner renal medulla -within each region are microscopic nephrons -renal pelvis- collects urine |
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Functions of the Nephron
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1. filtration of blood
2. secretion of substances into filtrate 3. reabsorption of water, sugar, vitamins etc through loops of henle 4. excretion of urine |
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ADH
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antidiuretic hormone
-secreted when there is a high solute conc. in the blood -causes the transport epithelium of the collecting ducts to become more permeable to water |
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evolution of the vertebrate kidney
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-first in freshwater fish
-fish, amphibian and reptile kidneys can only produce dilute urine -loops of henle only in birds and mammals, can excrete hypertonic urine |
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cloaca
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adaptation in reptiles
reabsorbs water from urine as urine is excreted. kidneys produce dilute urine |
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nerve net
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nervous system of hydra and other cnidarians
-no central control |
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radial nervous system
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found in jellyfish, sea stars
-some degree of centralization |
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Bilatterally arranged nervous system
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usually have a CNS and PNS
CNS consists of one or more nerve chords (thick bundles of nerves) that run from head to posterior end |
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Hormones
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chemical substances produced and transported within an organism to bring about a physiological response
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target cells
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have receptors that recognize hormone and respond
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site of hormone production in plants v. animals
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-in plants, produced by tissue that is also used for some other function
-in animals usually produced in specialized tissue that serves only to produce hormones |
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Major types of plant hormones
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1. Auxins- growth & cell division, phototropism
2. Cytokinins- cell division 3. Gibberellins- stem elongation & seed germination 4. Ethylene- leaf, flower, fruit detatchment and fruit ripening 5. Abscisic acid- deterioration w/age & stomaal closure/opening |
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neurosecretory cells
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neurons that respond to stimuli by releasing hormones
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endocrine cells
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found in endocrine glands- secrete hormones
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Endocrine glands
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produce hormones and secrete them into body fluids
-are ductless |
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Exocrine glands
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produce a variety of substances, convey them directly to their target via ducts
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Islets of Langerhans
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endocrine producing cells located in the pancreas
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alpha cells
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in islets of langerhans in the pancreas
- produce glucagon (raises blood glucose level) |
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beta cells
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in lslets of langerhands in pancreas
-produce insulin (takes glucose out of the blood) |
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endocrine glands that are controlled by the nervous system
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hypothalamus and pituitary gland
-secrete hormones that stimulate growth in their target organs |
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the blood level of which gas is most important in controlling human respiration rate?
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carbon dioxide
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air flows in one direction through the lungs of which animal?
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birds
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where is velocity of blood flow the lowest and why
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capillaries because they have the most surface area
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what is the main cause of guttation in plants?
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root pressure
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the hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile
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CCK (cholecystokinin)
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systole
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contraction phase
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diastole
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relaxation phase
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what travels through the phloem and in what direction
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sugar, movement can occur both up and down
-source to sink |
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the chambers of the heart that recieve the blood returning to the heart
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the atrium
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the chamber of the heart that pumps oxygenated blood out
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left ventricle
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diploid phase in plants
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sporophyte
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haploid phase of plant life cycle
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gametophyte
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which of the flowering plants were the first to evolve seeds
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gymnosperms
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pseudocoelomates
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animals that have a body cavity located between the endoderm and mesoderm tissue
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protosomes
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animals in which the first opening (blastopore) to the embyonic gut becomes the mouth
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deuterostomes
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animals in which the first opening to the embryonic gut becomes the anus
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in which types of plants is the sporophyte the dominant part of the life cycle?
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ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms, vascular plants
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what are the characteristics of chordates
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at some time in their lives they have
-a nerve cord -a notochord -pharyngeal slits -a postanal tail |
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example of nonvascular plants
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mosses
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oviparous
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internal fertilization
eggs hatch outside of the mothers body |
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vivparous
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internal fertilization
give birth to live young |
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gastulation
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invagination of cells of the blastula
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neurulation
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development of a notocord and dorsal nerve cord
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morula
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embryo stage of development consisting of a solid ball of 32 cells
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cleavage
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period of rapid cell division
embryo does not increase in overall size |
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sequence of vertebrate development starting with fertilization
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fertilization
cleavage gastrulation neurulation neural crest formation organogenesis |
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what is double fertilization
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occurs in angiosperms (flowering plants, seeds enclosed in carpel)
one sperm fertilizes the egg, another fertilizes the polar nuclei which becomes the endosperm |
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topsoil consists of
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minerals, living organisms, humus
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most important mineral nutrients for plants
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nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium
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salivary amylase
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enzyme present in saliva
breaks down starch |
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what are the developmental layers of each germ layer
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ectoderm- skin
mesoderm- blood vessels, bones endoderm- lining of digestive, respiratory tract etc |
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definition of asexual reproduction
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when the offspring's genes come from the same parent without the fusion of gametes
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definition of sexual reproduction
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when haploid gametes fuse together to form a diploid zygote
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similar due to common ancestry
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homologous
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the key event in the formation of new species
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formation of reproductive barriers
"biological species concept" |
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punctuated equilibrium
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pace of evolution
periods of little change followed periods of rapid change |
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Cladistics
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method of classification of species
-grouped according to shared derived characteristics taxa should be monphyletic |
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sympatric speciation
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when a new species arises within range of the parent population
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allopatric speciation
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geographic isolation propagates a speciation event
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convergent evolution
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when two unrelated species develop traits similar to one another due to similar habitats
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what is the smallest unit that can evolve
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a population
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mullerian mimicry
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when two of more unrelated but protected species resemble one another
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batesian mimicry
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when a harmless species resembles a harmful one
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do fungi produce sexually or asexually?
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both
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vestigial structures
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structures that no longer have a function to an organism but resemble structures of presumed ancestors
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endosymbionic theory
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mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free living cells
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survivorship curves
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Type I- increased risk of dying when older
Type II- equal change of dying at any age (ie:hydra) Type III- greater chance of dying when young (ie: clams) |
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aposematic coloration
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advertising of chemical defenses by having bright color patterns
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