By 124 Lab Exam Final

Front 1

rapid succession of cell divisions that produce a solid ball of cells from the zygote

Back 1

cleavage

Front 2

state in which the embryo has a fully formed blastocoel

Back 2

blastula

Front 3

type of cell produced by division of egg after fertilization

Back 3

blastomere

Front 4

opening through which cells move into the blastocoel

Back 4

blastopore

Front 5

fluid-filled cavity in the center of the morula

Back 5

blastocoel

Front 6

phase of embryo during which the morphology of the embryo is dramatically restructured by cell migration

Back 6

gastrulation

Front 7

solid ball of cells produced by cell division

Back 7

morula

Front 8

part of organogenesis including formation of the dorsal nerve cord and central nervous system

Back 8

neurulation

Front 9

surrounds the embryo and other membranes in the amniotic egg

Back 9

chorion

Front 10

membranous sac which surrounds and protects the embryo

Back 10

amnion

Front 11

filled with fluid for nourishment of the embryo

Back 11

yolk sac

Front 12

helps embryo exchange gases and handle liquid waste

Back 12

allantois

Front 13

3 types of muscle:

Back 13

cardiac, skeletal, smooth

Front 14

skeletal muscle is attatched to ...

Back 14

bones

Front 15

what do you skeletal muscles move?

Back 15

skeleton

Front 16

The ... nervous system controls skeletal muscles

Back 16

somatic

Front 17

Skeletal muscles are .... controlled

Back 17

voluntarily

Front 18

where do you usually find smooth muscle?

Back 18

surrounding organs

Front 19

smooth muscle is controlled by the ___ nervous system

Back 19

autonomic

Front 20

smotth muscle is largely ---

Back 20

involuntary

Front 21

where is cardiac muscle found?

Back 21

heart

Front 22

what two factors does cardiac muscle respond to?

Back 22

ANS and hormones

Front 23

skeletal muscle contains many muscle cells called ___ --- which are bound by ___

Back 23

muscle fibers, connective tissue

Front 24

A single muscle cell contains many --- which extend the length of the cell

Back 24

myofibrils

Front 25

muscle cells contract along their ---

Back 25

length

Front 26

striation are seen in which two types of muscle?

Back 26

cardiac, skeletal

Front 27

Myofibrils contract ___ which in turn contract ---

Back 27

muscle fibers, muscles

Front 28

Myofybrils exhibit alternate dark and light bands along their what?

Back 28

length

Front 29

Skeletal muscle is often called

Back 29

striated muscle

Front 30

In a myofibril, the dark bands are called ____

Back 30

A bands

Front 31

In a myofibril, the light bands are called ___

Back 31

I bands

Front 32

In the middle of the I bands are other bands called ----

Back 32

Z bands

Front 33

The A bands have light areas bisected by bands called ---

Back 33

M lines

Front 34

A sarcomere extends from what to what?

Back 34

One Z line to another

Front 35

Contraction of myofibrils is caused by the contraction of each ----

Back 35

sarcomere

Front 36

The functional unit of the myofibril is called a ----

Back 36

sarcomere

Front 37

A sarcomere is composed of two proteins called what?

Back 37

Actin and myosin

Front 38

A thin filament consists mostly of two molecules of ---

Back 38

actin

Front 39

A thick filament is comprised of hundreds --- molecules

Back 39

myosin

Front 40

Thick filaments are connected to the ---, a structure that runs across the myofibril

Back 40

M lines

Front 41

Thin filaments are connected at one end to the ---, a structure that runs across the myofibril

Back 41

Z line

Front 42

onion shaped structures used for pressure

Back 42

Pacinian corpuscles

Front 43

Pacinian corpuscles are located in the ----

Back 43

deep dermis

Front 44

mechanoreceptors that are responsible for discriminative touch

Back 44

Messiner's corpuscles

Front 45

Messiner's corpuscles are located in the ---

Back 45

shallow dermis

Front 46

naked/ free dendrites in the epidermis of the skin that respond to pain

Back 46

Nocicecptors

Front 47

taste sentations: sweet, sour, salt, and bitter

Back 47

gustatory chemoreceptors

Front 48

smell sensations

Back 48

olfaction

Front 49

thermoreceptor resp for cold sensations

Back 49

End bulb of Krause

Front 50

Thermoreceptor resp for hot sensations

Back 50

Ruffini's end organ

Front 51

gives sensations about body positions and movement; located in muscles, joints, and inner ear

Back 51

Proprioceptors

Front 52

tough, white outer covering of the eye

Back 52

sclera

Front 53

front of the eye where the sclera becomes transparent

Back 53

cornea

Front 54

pigmented inner layer of the eye; responsible "night shine" in nocturnal animals

Back 54

choroid

Front 55

a delicate layer of epithelial cells that cover the sclera; helps keep eye moist

Back 55

conjunctiva

Front 56

pigmented outer layer of the eye (gives eye its color) which surrounds the pupil

Back 56

iris

Front 57

jelly like material that occupies the area behind the lens; fills up the majority of the volume of the eye

Back 57

vitreious humor

Front 58

innermost layer of the eyeball; contains 2 types of photoreceptors (rods and cones)

Back 58

retina

Front 59

one of 2 types of photoreceptors in the eye; takes more light to stimulate; gives color vision; less numerous in human eye; most numerous in fovea region

Back 59

cones

Front 60

one of 2 types of photoreceptors in the eye; gives night (black and white) vision; more numerous in the eye; located more on the periphery of the retina, completely absent from the fovea

Back 60

rods

Front 61

center fo visual field; has the densest concentration of cones; point where humans see sharpest (directly in front of viewer)

Back 61

fovea

Front 62

point on the retina whereby the optic nerve leaves the eye; contains no photoreceptors

Back 62

blind spot

Front 63

external surface of ear

Back 63

pinna (auricle)

Front 64

passage from outside of ear to ear drum

Back 64

auditory canal

Front 65

membrane which vibrates in repsonse to sound waves

Back 65

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

Front 66

1st in a series of ossicles (tiny bones); directly attatched to the eardrum

Back 66

malleus (hammer)

Front 67

2nd in a series of of 3; lies betwixt malleus and staples

Back 67

incus (anvil)

Front 68

3rd and last in the series; attatches to the oval window (membrane leading to inner ear)

Back 68

stapes (stirrup)

Front 69

canals that connect the inner ear with the pharynx (back of throat); when open, equalizes air pressure of middle ear with that of the atmosphere

Back 69

Eustachian tube

Front 70

hole behind the stapes

Back 70

oval window

Front 71

one of two chambers in the vestibule behind the oval window; this chamber opens in to 3 semicircular canals which are responsible for equilibrium

Back 71

utricle

Front 72

a series of three structures which are located in 3 spatial planes; used to detect position of the head

Back 72

semicircular canals

Front 73

one of 2 chambers in the vestibule; opens into the semicircular canals

Back 73

saccule

Front 74

coiled (snail) shaped structure which contains hair cells that used for detection of sound

Back 74

cochlea

Front 75

the upper canal of the cochlea

Back 75

vestibular canal

Front 76

the lower canal of the cochlea

Back 76

tympanic canal

Front 77

contains the receptor cells, hair cells whose hairs project in to the cochlear duct of the ear

Back 77

organ of Corti

Front 78

largest region of the brain; divided into several lobes

Back 78

cerebrum

Front 79

Four lobes of Cerebrum

Back 79

Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, Occipital

Front 80

primary motor area and thought center of the brain

Back 80

Frontal lobe

Front 81

primary sensory area; areas for speech and reading; taste

Back 81

Parietal

Front 82

Hearing and Olfaction

Back 82

Temporal

Front 83

vision (brain)

Back 83

Occipital

Front 84

area along the internal mid-line of the cerebrum; only area where the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum connect; acts as a relay center betwixt the two sides

Back 84

corpus callosum

Front 85

smaller more compact than cerebrum; coordinates movement and balance

Back 85

cerebellum

Front 86

helps medulla oblongata with its functions

Back 86

pons

Front 87

controls autonomic/homeostatic functions: swallowing, breathing, digestion, heart rate, vomiting; combines with pons to make brainstem

Back 87

medulla oblongata

Front 88

contains areas which govern emotions such as laughter, craying, sexuality, feeding, and agression

Back 88

lymbic system

Front 89

epidermis of sking, epithelial lining of mouth and rectum, cornea and lens of eye, nervous system, adrenal medulla, tooth enamel, epithelium of pineal and pituitary glands

Back 89

ectoderm

Front 90

notochord, skeletal system, muscular system, muscular layer of stomach, intestine, excretory system, circulatory and lymphatic systems, reproductive system, dermis of skin, lining of body cavity, adrenal cortex

Back 90

mesoderm

Front 91

epithelial lining of digestive tract, epithelial lining of respiratory system, lining of the urethra, urinary bladder, and reproductive system, liver, pancreas, thymus, thyroid and parathyroid glands

Back 91

endoderm

Front 92

males structure that produces sperm

Back 92

testis

Front 93

male structure that stores sperm

Back 93

epididymis

Front 94

male structure that transports sperm to urethra

Back 94

vas deferens

Front 95

male structure that recieves seminal secretions from testes and accessory glands

Back 95

urethra

Front 96

male structure that deposits semen in female reproductive tract

Back 96

penis

Front 97

male structure that secretes alkaline fluids that help neutralize acidity of the vagina and contains nutrients to promote sperm motility and viablity and hormones to stimulate uterine contractions (prostoglandins)

Back 97

seminal vesicles

Front 98

male structure that produces alkaline secretions that assist in lubrication and also aid in neutralization of acidity of vagina

Back 98

bulbourethral glands

Front 99

females strcutre that produces eggs

Back 99

ovary

Front 100

female structure that recieves eggs at ovulation; site of fertilization

Back 100

oviduct

Front 101

female structure that is the site of implantation and embryonic development

Back 101

uterine horns

Front 102

female structure that drains excretory products from the urinary bladder

Back 102

urethra

Front 103

female structure that develops into clitoris (in humans and other mammals)

Back 103

genital papilla

Front 104

stimulates contraction of the uterus and mammary gland cells

Back 104

oxytocin

Front 105

oxytocin is produced in the

Back 105

pituitary gland

Front 106

promotes retention of water by kidneys

Back 106

antidiurectic hormone

Front 107

ADH is produced in the

Back 107

pituitary gland

Front 108

stimulates growth and metabolic functions

Back 108

growth hormone

Front 109

growth hormone is produced in the

Back 109

pituitary gland

Front 110

stimulates milk production and secretion

Back 110

prolactin

Front 111

prolactin is produced in the

Back 111

pituitary gland

Front 112

stimulates production of ova and sperm

Back 112

Follice-Stimulating Hormone

Front 113

FSH is produced in the

Back 113

pituitary gland

Front 114

stimulates the thyroid gland

Back 114

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

Front 115

TSH is produced in the

Back 115

pituitary gland

Front 116

stimulates ovaries and testes

Back 116

Luteinizing Hormone

Front 117

Luteinizing Hormone is produced in the

Back 117

pituitary gland

Front 118

Stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids

Back 118

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Front 119

ACTH is produced in the

Back 119

pituitary gland

Front 120

Stimulates and maintains metabolic processes

Back 120

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Front 121

T3 and T4 are produced in the

Back 121

Thyroid

Front 122

lowers blood calcium level

Back 122

calcitonin

Front 123

calcitonin is produced in the

Back 123

thyroid

Front 124

raises blood calcium level

Back 124

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Front 125

Parathyroid Hormone is produced in teh

Back 125

Parathyroid

Front 126

Lower blood glucose level

Back 126

insulin

Front 127

raises blood glucose level

Back 127

glucagon

Front 128

insulin and glucagon are produced in the

Back 128

pancreas

Front 129

raises blood glucose level; increase metabolic activies; constrict certain blood vessels

Back 129

epinephrine and norepinephrin

Front 130

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine are produced in the

Back 130

adrenal glands (medulla)

Front 131

raise blood glucose level

Back 131

glucocorticoids

Front 132

glucocorticoids are produced in the

Back 132

adrenal cortex

Front 133

Promote reabsorption of Na+ and excretion of K+ in kidneys

Back 133

Mineralocorticoids

Front 134

support stem formation; promote development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics

Back 134

androgens

Front 135

stimulate uterine lining growth; promote development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics

Back 135

estrogen

Front 136

promotes uterine lining growth

Back 136

progesterone

Front 137

involved in biological rhythms

Back 137

melatonin

Front 138

melatonin is produced in the

Back 138

pineal gland