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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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DNA
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Stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid; one of two nucleic acids found in a cell; the blueprint of life; used as a cod for making proteins which determine traits
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Chromosomes
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DNA is packaged into these by being wrapped around proteins and coliled tightly for protection; This is found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells but is free-floating in prokaryotic cells
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Heredity
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The passing of traits from parents to offspring
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The First Discovery About Heredity was...
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Chromosomes controlled heredity and are made of DNA and proteins
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The Second Discovery About Heredity was...
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DNS was the chemical that controlled characteristics of an organism
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Rosalind Franklin
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The first person to take a clear "picture" of DNS using a technique called X-Ray Crystallography. The "picture" offered a clueof the shape of DNA
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Watson and Clark
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These people recieved credit for finalizing the model of DNS by using the picture taken by Franklin (giving to them by Franklin's research assistant - Maurice Wilkins), and by synthesizing work completed by other scientists
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DNAs shape is a...
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Double Helix
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Double Helix
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A twisted ladder type shape
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Nucleotides
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The building blocks of DNA
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The three parts of nucleotides are...
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A sugar (named deoxyribose), A phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases
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The Four Nitrogen Bases
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Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C)
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The two strands of nucleotides in every DNA molecules are held together by...
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Weak hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen bases
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Complementary Base Pairing
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Adenine bonds with thymind (A-T) and Guanine bonds with Cytosine (G-C)
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Why is DNA needed in each cell?
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To make necessary proteins
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Because DNA is so important, when a cell divides, it must pass on an ______________________ to function correctly
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Exact copy of the DNA
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Therefore, DNA is replicated during ___________ immediately ________ the cell begins ________
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Interphase / before / mitosis
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An ______ breaks the ________ _____ between the paired nitrogen bases. This allows DNA to "unzip" as the two strans move apart.
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Enzyme / Hydrogen bonds
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After an enzyme breaks the hydrogen bonds, the newly unpaired nucleotides are...
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Paired with exact nucleotides present in the nucleus. This process is catalyzed by another enzyme
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After the unpaired nucleotides are re-paired with different nucleotides....
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Enzymes then link the nucleotides along the newly constructed site of the DNA ladder by bonding sugar to phosphate
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After enzymes relink the nucleotides....
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The DNA is proofread by enzymes for any errors
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Chromatid
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Each copy of DNA after DNA replication is packaged as this on a doubled chromosome
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After mitosis, as a result of DNA replication...
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Each daughter cell wil receive one of the two copies of DNA, This happens when the doubled chromosome is split
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Two identical DNA molecules are produced as a result of DNA replication, these are called...
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"Daughter" DNA Molecules - compose of one "old" and one "new" strand
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Why are so many different enzymes required for DNA replication?
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Because each enzyme can only preform ONE function
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Gene
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A section of DNA which is used as the blueprint for the production of a protein
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Each gene is composed of this
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A specific sequence of nucleotides
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Codon
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Every 3 bases in a sequence of nucleotides
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Amino Acids
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These are what make up proteins
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The fuction of mRNA is...
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Copy a DNA strand when DNA unzips, DNA can't leave the nucleus but this can
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mRNA is constructed...
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One nucleotide at a time using one side of the DNA as a template
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Uracil
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Replaces the ribose Thymine in RNA (Since RNA has a different sugar (ribose) which cannot bond to Thymine)
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Pore
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Where mRNA leaves the nucleus (a small opening in the nuclear membrane)
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Transcription
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A process in DNA replication; DNA -> RNA
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Translation
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A process in DNA replication; RNA -> Protein
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The Central Dogma of Biology
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The central axis around which all other biological concepts rotate
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Cells must produce different proteins...
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Based on the function of the cell
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Why are you a human and not an animal if you have the same 4 bases?
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Because your DNA is in a different order than an animals
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