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30 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Nominal Scale
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The scale of measurement for a variable when the dat use labels or names to identify an attirbute of an element. Nominal dad may be nonnumeric or numeric. "categories, names"
***qualitative*** |
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Ordinal Scale
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A nominal scale in which order or rank is meaningful. "categories, names" ***qualitative***
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Interval Scale
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A scale in which all the data is numeric and there is NO TRUE ZERO! ***Quanitative***
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Ratio Scale
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A scale in which all data is numeric and the ratio of two values is meaningful. Has a true zero. ***Quanitative***
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Qualitative Data
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Includes Nominal and Ordinal Scales in which labels or names are used to identify an attribute of each element
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Quantitative Data
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Numeric Values that indicate how much or how many of something. (interval and ratio scales)
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Cross-Sectional Data
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Data collected at the same or approximately the same point in time.
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Time Series Data
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Data collected over several time periods
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Population Vs. Sample
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Sample is a subset of the population
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Relative Frequency
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The percentage a certain element is of the entire sample.
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Histogram
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A bar chart used for quantitative data in which there is no space between the bars (frequency, relative frequency, and percent frequency)
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Cumlative Frequency
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The total frequency of anything in that range or lower
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Ogive
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A line graph for a cumulative frequency (relative and percent included) - always increasing
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Measures of Location
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Includes numerical values for mean median and mode
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1st, 2nd, and 3rd Quartiles
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25th, 50th (median), and 75th percentiles
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Variance
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measure of variability that utilizes all the data; a larger variance shows a larger variablity
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Standard Deviation
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The square root of the variance, shows varability
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Coefficient of Variation
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helps you compare the variability of variables that have different standard deviations and different means - a percentage of what the standard deviation is of the mean
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Skewness
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Skewness talks about the tail - to the left = negative, to the right = positive
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Left Skewed (negative)
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mean is less than median
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Right Skewed (positive)
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mean is greater than median
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Symmetric Distribution
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Mean = Median
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Z-score
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Number of standard deviations is a particular element is away from the mean; anything with a Z-score of +-3 is considered an outlier (bell shaped distributions)
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Five Number Summary
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Min, Q1, Q2(median), Q3, Max
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Covariance
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Tries to predict the correlation between two variables. If its postive, its positively related and vice versa. If its zero, there is no relation ***larger covariance doesnt mean more correlated***
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Correlation Coefficient
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1 = perfect positive linear relationship
0 = no relationship -1 = perfect negative linear relationship |
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Conditional Probability
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When a given event has already occured, the original event's proability changes on that condition
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Joint Probability
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A probability that is the intersection of two events Example: Proability they got promoted and they are a man etc...
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Marginal Probabilities
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Found in the margins of the joint probability table, just a single variable
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Independent Events
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Events are independent if a given event has no affect on the original event
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