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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
________: Processes that involves three stages:intelligence, design, and choice
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Decision Process
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_______: in its narrowest sense, the process of choosing from among various alternatives
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decision making
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____:process of determining the appropriate responses or actions necessary to alleviate a problem
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Problem Solving
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________:: Approach used when managers make decisions based largely on hunches or intuition
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intuitive approach
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________: Managers have this. doesn't matter, we'll make it work. overcompetance
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Hubris
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______ emotional attachments lead to _________
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George Odiorne, poor decisions
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Two Suggestions of decreasing emotional attachments
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1. Become aware of biases (past decisions)
2. Seek independent opinions |
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_____: a rational or scientific appraoch. Includes the following steps.
1. recognize the need for a decision 2.establish,rank, and weigh the decision criteria 3.gather available information and data 4. identify possible alternatives 5. evaluate each alternative with respect to all criteria 6. Select the best alternative |
Optimizing Approach
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________: Assumes people have the time and cognitive ability to process only a limited amount of information on which to base decisions
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principle of bounded rationality
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Optimizing Approach is based on 4 assumptions
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1. People have clearly defined criteria
2. People have complete knowledge 3. People have the ability 4. People have self-disciple (no manipulation) |
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_______: selecting the best possible alternative
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Optimizing
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______:selecting the first alternative that meets the decision maker's minimum standard of satisfaction
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Satisficing
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_____________:principle have a bound rationality
-suggest humans have definite limits |
Satisficing Approach
-Herbert Simon |
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Simon's 4 assumptions
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1. A person's knowledge of alternatives and criteria is limited
2. People act on a basis of simplified, ill-structured, mental concept of the real world; this concept is influenced by personal perceptions, biases, and so forth. 3.People do not attempt to optimize but will take the first alternative that satisfies the current level of aspiration. 4. An individuals level of aspiration concerning a decision fluctuating upward or downward, depending on the values of the most recently identified alternatives |
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_______: Situation that occus when a decision maker knows exactly what will happen and can often calculate the precise outcome for each alternative
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Situation of Certainty
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________: Situation that occurs when a decision make is aware of the relative probabilities of occurrence associated with each alternative
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Situation of Risk
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___________:Situation that occurs when a decision maker has very little or no reliable information on which to evaluate the different possible outcomes
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Situation of Uncertainty
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_______:Selecting the alternative whose best possible outcome is the best of all possible outcomes for all alternatives
sometimes call the optimistic or gambling approach to decision making example: Umbrella |
Maximax approach
Umbrella- Would not take the umbrella because the best possible outcomes would be being dry without being inconvienced |
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______: Comparing the worst possible outcomes for each alternative and selecting the one that is least desirable; s
-sometimes called the pessimistic approach to decision making example:Umbrella |
Maximin Approach
Umbrella- Will decide to take Umbrella because it is better to be dry than wet |
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______:Choosing the alternative with the least variation among its possible outcomes
example: Umbrella |
Risk-averting approach
Umbrella- will take an umbrella to stay dry |
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4 Basic barriers to effective decision making
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1. Complacency
2. Defensive Avoidance 3.Panic 4. Deciding to Decide |
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_______: does not see danger signs or opportunity and ignores data
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Complacency
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_____;denies importance of danger, the opportunity or the responsiblity for taking action
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Defensive Avoidance
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______:Frantic attempts to solve a problem rarely produces the best results
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Panic
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_______;Accepting the responsibility and challenge of decision making
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Deciding to Decide
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____:Coming up with an idea that is new, original, useful, or satisfying to its creator or to someone else
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Creativity
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________: Process of applying a new and creative idea to a product, service, or method of operation
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Innovation
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The Creative Process is a 5 Step Process
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1. Preparation
2. Concentration 3.Incubation 4.Illumination 5.Verification |
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_____: presenting a problem to a group and allowing group members to product a large quantity of ideas for its solution. no criticism is allowed
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Brainstorming
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_______; Differs from brainstorming in that no one but the group leader knows the exact nature of the problem under consideration. A key word is used to describe a problem area
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Gorden Technique
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__________; Technique in which a group is presented with a problem situation and members anonymously write down ideas, then exchange papers with others, who build on ideas and pass them on until all members have participated
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Brainwriting
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_____: groups that make decision about managing and carrying out major production activities
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Semiautonomous Work Groups
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______: working less hard in a group and being less productive
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Social Loafing
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_____: working harder when in a group than working alone
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Social facilitation effect
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