Business Law Chapter 6

Front 1

Crime

Back 1

A wrong against society proclaimed in a statute and, if committed, punishable by society through fines, imprisonment, or death.

Front 2

beyond a reasonable doubt

Back 2

the standard of proof used in criminal cases.

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Actus Reus

Back 3

A guilty (prohibited) act. The commission of a prohibited act is one of the two essential elements required for criminal liability, the other element being the intent to commit a crime.

Front 4

Mens rea

Back 4

the wrongful state ("guilty mind"), or intent, that is one of the key requirements to establish criminal liability for an act.

Front 5

Robbery

Back 5

The act of forcefully and unlawfully taking personal property of any value from another.

Front 6

Burglary

Back 6

The unlawful entry or breaking into a building with the intent to commit a crime.

Front 7

larceny

Back 7

The wrongful taking and carrying away of another person's personal property with the intent to permanently deprive the owner of the property.

Front 8

Arson

Back 8

the intentional burning of a building

Front 9

forgery

Back 9

the fraudulent making or altering of any writing in a way that changes the legal rights and liabilities of another.

Front 10

White collar crime

Back 10

Nonviolent crime committed by individuals or corporations to obtain a personal or business advantage.

Front 11

embezzlement

Back 11

the fraudulent appropriation of funds or other property by a person who was entrusted with the funds or property.

Front 12

Insider trading

Back 12

the purchase or sale of securities on the basis of inside information(information that has not been made available to the public).

Front 13

Money Laundering

Back 13

Engaging in financial transactions to conceal the identity, source, or destination of illegally gained funds.

Front 14

Felony

Back 14

A crime - such as arson, murder, rape, or robbery - that carries the most severe sanctions, ranging from more than one year in a state or federal prison to the death penalty.

Front 15

Misdeamenor

Back 15

a lesser crime than a felony, punishable by a fine or incarceration in jail up to one year.

Front 16

petty offense

Back 16

the least serious kind of criminal offense, such as a traffic or building-code violation.

Front 17

Self-defense

Back 17

the legally recognized privilege to do what is reasonably necessary to protect oneself, one's property, or someone else against injury by another.

Front 18

duress

Back 18

Unlawful pressure brought to bear on a person, causing the person to preform an act that she or he would not otherwise perform.

Front 19

Entrapment

Back 19

a defense in which a defendant claims that he or she was induced by a public official to commit a crime that he or she would otherwise not have committed.

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self-incrimination

Back 20

giving testimony in a trial or other legal proceeding that could expose the person testifying to criminal prosecution.

Front 21

plea bargaining

Back 21

the process by which a criminal defendant and the prosecutor work out an agreement to dispose of the criminal case, subject to court approval.

Front 22

Search warrant

Back 22

an order granted by a public authority, such as a judge, that authorizes law enforcement personnel to search particular premises or property.

Front 23

Probable cause

Back 23

Reasonable grounds for believing that a search should be conducted or that a person should be arrested.

Front 24

double jeopardy

Back 24

the fifth amendment requirement that prohibits a person from being tried twice for the same criminal offense.

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exclusionary rule

Back 25

a rule that prevents evidence that is obtained illegally or without a proper search warrant - and any evidence derived from illegally obtained evidence - from being admissible in court.

Front 26

Indictment

Back 26

A formal charge by a grand jury that there is probable cause to believe that a named person has committed a crime.

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grand jury

Back 27

A group of citizens who decide, after hearing the state's evidence whether a reasonable basis (probable cause) exists for believing that a crime has been committed and that a trial ought ot be held.

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information

Back 28

A formal accusation or complaint (without an indictment) issued in certain types of actions (usually criminal actions involving lesser crimes) by a government prosecutor.

Front 29

Computer crime

Back 29

the unlawful use of a computer or network to take or alter data, or to gain the use of computers or services without authorization.

Front 30

cyber crime

Back 30

a crime that occurs in the online environment rather than in the physical world.

Front 31

cyber fraud

Back 31

any misrepresentation knowingly made over the internet with the intention of deceiving another for the purpose of obtaining property or funds.

Front 32

identity theft

Back 32

the illegal use of someone else's personal information to access the victim's financial resources.

Front 33

phishing

Back 33

an e-mail fraud scam in which the messages purport to be from legitimate businesses to induce individuals into revealing their personal financial data, passwords, or other information.

Front 34

hacker

Back 34

a person who uses computers to gain unauthorized access to data.

Front 35

botnet

Back 35

a network of compromised computers connected to the internet that can be used to generate spam, relay viruses, or cause servers to fail.

Front 36

malware

Back 36

malicious software programs, such as viruses and worms, that are designed to cause harm to a computer, network, or other device.

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worm

Back 37

a software program that automatically replicates itself over a network but does not alter files and is usually invisible to the user until it has consumed system resources.

Front 38

virus

Back 38

a software program that can replicate itself over a network and spread from one device to another, altering files and interfering with normal operations.