Business Ethics Chapter 2

Front 1

the belief that benefits should be distributed according to the value of the contribution made by the individual to a group.

Back 1

capitalist justice

Front 2

the requirement that I must act such that the maxim of my action could be made universal law (or the requirement that in acting I always treat others as ends in themselves and never as a means to an end).

Back 2

categorical

Back 3

imperative

Front 4

concrete communities and communal relationships have fundamental value that should be preserved and maintained.

Back 4

communitarian ethic

Front 5

the belief that persons should have restored to them what they lose as the result of another's wrong action.

Back 5

compensatory justice

Front 6

analyzes desirability of a project by comparing present and future economic benefits to present and future economic costs.

Back 6

cost-benefit analysis

Front 7

productive societies incorporate inequalities, but work to improve the position of the neediest.

Back 7

difference principle

Front 8

concerned with the fair distribution of society's benefits and burdens; the belief that individuals who are similar in all relevant respects should be given similar benefits and burdens.

Back 8

distributive justice

Front 9

producing desired output with lowest resource input.

Back 9

efficiency

Front 10

equality of income and wealth, and equality of opportunity.

Back 10

economic equality

Front 11

the belief that every person should be given exactly equal shares of a group's benefits and burdens.

Back 11

egalitarian justice

Front 12

emphasizes care for the well-being of those close to us.

Back 12

ethic of care

Front 13

evaluates the moral character of individuals or groups.

Back 13

ethic of virtue

Front 14

goods valued only because they lead to other good things.

Back 14

instrumental goods

Front 15

things desired independently of any benefits they may produce.

Back 15

intrinsic goods

Front 16

how benefits and burdens are distributed among people.

Back 16

justice

Front 17

associated with John Rawls; the belief that the distribution of benefits and burdens in a society is just only if each person has an equal right to the most extensive basic liberties compatible with similar liberties for all, and social and economic inequalities are arranged so that they are both to the greatest benefit of the least advantaged and attached to offices and positions open to all fairly and equally.

Back 17

justice as fairness

Front 18

entitlements derived from a legal system.

Back 18

legal rights

Front 19

the belief that freedom from human constraint is necessarily good, and thus that constraints imposed by others are necessarily evil.

Back 19

libertarianism

Front 20

the reason a person in a certain situation has for doing what she or he plans to do.

Back 20

maxim

Front 21

rights possessed by all human beings simply by virtue of being human.

Back 21

moral rights

Front 22

an acquired disposition that is valued as part of the character of a morally good human being and that is exhibited in the person habitual behavior.

Back 22

moral virtue

Front 23

duties others have to not interfere in certain activities of the person who holds a given right.

Back 23

negative rights

Front 24

goods such as life, love, and freedom, whose value cannot be equaled by any quantity of any economic good.

Back 24

noneconomic goods

Front 25

according to Rawls, the situation of a group that would say a principle is morally justified; they must be rational self-interested persons who know they will live in a society governed by the principles they accept but who do not know the race, sex, religion, social position, interests, or abilities that they will have.

Back 25

"original position"

Front 26

equal participation in, and treatment by, the means of controlling and directing the political system.

Back 26

political equality

Front 27

the duty of some other agents to provide the rights-holder with whatever is needed to pursue the rights-holder’s interests.

Back 27

positive rights

Front 28

each citizen’s liberties must be protected and must equal the liberties of each other citizen’s.

Back 28

principle of equal liberty

Front 29

everyone deserves equal opportunity to qualify for privileged positions.

Back 29

principle of fair equality of opportunity

Front 30

the better the quality of a person’s contribution, the more the person should receive.

Back 30

productivity

Front 31

each individual is obliged to work hard at his or her calling.

Back 31

puritan ethic

Front 32

the belief that agents should be punished or blamed for wrongdoing.

Back 32

retributive justice

Front 33

parties choose principles that will apply to themselves.

Back 33

reversibility

Front 34

in general, an individual's entitlement to something; legal rights are those dictated by a system of laws; moral rights are those that permit or allow all humans to do or to have something done for them; negative rights prohibit others from interfering with an individual's actions; positive rights grant others the duty to provide an individual with something she or he needs.

Back 34

rights

Front 35

the view that an individual action is right when it is required by correct moral rules and if the sum total of utilities produced if everyone were to follow the rule is greater than the sum total utilities produced if everyone did not follow the rule.

Back 35

rule-utilitarianism

Front 36

the belief that benefits should be distributed according to need and burdens according to ability.

Back 36

socialist justice

Front 37

principles must apply equally to everyone.

Back 37

universalizability

Front 38

the view that actions are right when they produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs.

Back 38

utilitarianism

Front 39

any net benefits produced by an action.

Back 39

utility

Front 40

in Rawls’ original position, the rational person’s ignorance of his or her own status.

Back 40

veil of ignorance

Front 41

belief that the aim of the moral life is to develop moral virtues, and to use them.

Back 41

virtue theory

Front 42

the high value placed on individual effort; belief that hard work leads to success.

Back 42

work ethic