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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The individuals who listen to a public speech.
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Audience
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A creative process used for generating a large number of ideas.
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Brainstorming
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The degree to which an audience trusts and believes in a speaker
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Credibility
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The primary function of a speech.
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General Purpose
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The three commonly agreed upon general purposes are...
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to inform, to persuade, and to entertain.
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The goal or objective a speaker hopes to achieve in speaking to a particular audience.
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Specific Purpose
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A single declarative sentence that focuses the audience's attention on the central point of a speech.
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Thesis Statement
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the classical arts of invention, organization, style, memory, and delivery.
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Canons of rhetoric
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The creative process by which the substance of a speech is generated
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Invention
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A forecast of the main points of a speech
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preview
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The key ideas that support the thesis statement of a speech
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main points
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Transitional statements that bridge main points
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signposts
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A mode of presentation that involves writing out a speech completely and reading it to the audience
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manuscript delivery
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A mode of presentation in which a speech is written out and committed to memory before being presented to the audience without the use of notes
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memorized delivery
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a spontaneous, unrehearsed method of presenting a speech
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impromptu delivery
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a mode of presentation that combines careful presentation with spontaneous speaking. the speaker generally uses brief notes rather than a full manuscript or an outline.
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extemporaneous delivery
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The degree to which your voice is high or low
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pitch
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the extent of the pitch, from low to high, that lies within your vocal capacity
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range
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The characteristic pattern of your volume, pitch and range
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rhythm
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The rate at which you produce sounds, or how quickly or slowly you speak
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tempo
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The distinctness with which you make individual sounds
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articulation
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a wordless system of communication
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nonverbal behavior
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the physical surroundings as you speak and the physical distance separating you from your audience
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environment
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area of audience in which speaker and audience members can make eye contact
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zone of interaction
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a nonverbal symbol that can be substituted for a word
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emblem
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nonverbal symbols used to visualize what is being spoken
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illustrators
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nonverbal behaviors that influence the speech transaction and the type of feedback received from the audience
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regulators
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nonverbal behaviors used to cope with nervousness; for example, self-touching or grasping sides of lectern with hands
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self-adapting behaviors
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interpretations we develop for particular experiences
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meaning
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occurs when two people share agreement in their interpretation of an experience of event.
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shared meaning
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involuntary expressions of emotion and are usually nonverbal rather than verbal cues
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signs
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voluntary expressions that stand for or represent something else
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symbols
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people who send and receive messages
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source/receivers
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anything that happened to us in the past
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experience
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feelings such as sadness, surprise and curiosity
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emotional meanings
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ideas that must be encoded into symbols before they are sent
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cognitions
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the process of selecting symbols to stand for or represent cognitions
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encoding
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__________ are composed of signs and symbols that travel along a ___________
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messages,channel
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can interfere with the communication anywhere in the channel and tends to produce ambiguity
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noise
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any concrete interference with the process of communication
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physical noise
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any internal interference with listening such as a bias against the speaker or a dislike for the subject
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pyschological noise
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After the message passages through the channel, it is _______, meaning that the receiver selects meanings to attach to the signs and symbols.
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decoded
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includes information about how the message was received
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feedback
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In this form of sharing, two parties each give up something they would rather not part with to get something valuable from the other person
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contractual shared meaning
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when parties agree about basic objectives and values
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consensual shared meaning
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Occurs when there is little overlap between a sender's intent and a receiver's interpretation.
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ambiguity
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a concious process wherein the communicator specifies the goals that he or she wants to accomplish, learns about the audience and its position regarding the goals, and then selects communication tactics that will move the audience closer to those goals
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strategic communication
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a term that refers to the objectives or goals that you want to accomplish
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strategy
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these are designed to move the audience towards the intended goal
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communication tactics
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involves a person's ability to correctly interpret and remember the content of another person's messages
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recall listening
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The first of "recall listenings" four processes, it means that you hear and process the message that another communicates
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receiving
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The second of recall listening's four processes, involves a listener's ability to focus on the message and direct his or her attention toward it without distraction
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attending
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third of recall listening's four processes, means assigning an interpretation to the message
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assigning meaning
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last of recall listening's four processes, the ability to store and recall the major themes of a conversation for use in later decision making
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remembering
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_______________ involves an attitude of acceptance for what others haveto say, especially responding positively to emotions, and providing feedback that makes people feel as if their concerns have been addressed
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empathetic listening
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A response that accepts the content level of the conversation, and it accepts the experience or emotion the person presents
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confirmation
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this type of confirmation involves looking at the speaker, making frequent eye contact, and other nonverbal acknowledgement
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direct recognition
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this confirmation means the listen offers verbal agreement with or praise for the speaker's content
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agreeing with the content
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this confirmation accepts the other person's feelings as reasonable and legitimate
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endorsing emotions/experiences
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type of confirmation where we validate another's experience or emotional reactions but disagree with the content of the message
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rejection
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this signals a lack of empathetic listening and denies a person's experiences or feelings and the other's feelings of self worth
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disconfirmation
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disconfirmation includes __________ through impersonal language and nonverbal distancing cues such as avoiding eye contact or walking away
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avoiding involvement
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________ are not clearly connected to what the first person said and indicate a failure to listen
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tangential or irrelevant remarks
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this indicates a lack of concern for or awareness of other person's feelings
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imperviousness
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this occurs when someone disparages a speaker or the speaker's feelings
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disqualification
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the relative position- above, below, beside- that people occupy vis a vis one another
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hierarchy
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involves a variety of communications, including threats, promises, negotiations, orders, coalition formation, and a host of other strategies to influence others and fulfill self and organizational interests
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overt politics
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process by which employees decide which issues to raise in public, what arguments to present, which battles to fights, and how to fight them
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hidden politics
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displaying traits that are rewarded by the organization. it involves conforming to organizational norms
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impression management
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____________ people have a sense of perspective, the ability to tolerate and accept life's many setbacks without becoming overly frustrated or resentful
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emotional mature
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means having the technical knowledge needed to effieciently solve routine problems
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showing competence
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an individual with some tenure in the organization who is willing to serve as advisor, friend, observed, giver of feedback, helper, reacher, and sounding board to a newer member
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mentor
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someone willing to be guided by the knowledge accumulated by mentor
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mentee or protege
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an invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from reaching the highest levels of management
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glass ceiling
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reasons for glass ceiling
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stereotypes white males may have, and preference for similarity
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a select association of proteges or cliques the superiors most trusted employees
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in-group
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this status takes place during the newcomers first few weeks
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out-group
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includes unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature
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sexual harrassment
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sexual harassment has been characterized as an expression of _____________ coupled with the ____________
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gender discrimination, abuse of organizational power
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_________________ such as sexual jokes, lewd comments, and excessive commentary about bodily appearance are forms of harrassment
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verbal commentaries
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____________ includes propositions for sex, especially those that involve promise of reward or punishment
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verbal negotiation
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unwanted groping, inappropriate touching
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physical manhandling
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the use of physical force
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physical assault
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_______________ include filing grievances, or lawsuits to get sexual harrassment to stop
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formal solutions
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___________ involve face to face communication with the harrasser
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informal solutions
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Addressing sexual harrassment must achieve these three goals,
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stop harassment, maintain employment, manage his or her own psychological and emotional well being
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this represents avoidance, useful if the victim views harrassers motives as innocent
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nonassertive message
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represents the desire of a person to present and positive and approved image to others
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face
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allows the victim to stand up for personal rights in a clear and direct way without violating another person's rights
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assertive message
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attempts to "reconcile being assertive with being liked and maintaing rapport" the message is assertive but includes an empathy component that may reduce the desire of the harasser to retaliate
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assertive-empathetic message
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includes features that protect the image of the harasser and express liking for the job or the present relationship while refusing to accept harrassment
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rhetorical multifunctional message
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tells the harrasser to cease activity and states that the victim will proceed with a formal grievance if the harrasser doesnt stop
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threat
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a coercive message that ridicules or intimidates the harasser
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aggressive message
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_________ turns the tables on the harasser in public, within earshot of family or coworkers, thereby embarrassing the harasser
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overt manipulation
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in this stage, job canidates secure an interview by doing research, making a resume, and writing a cover letter
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pre-interview stage
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a one page description of your skills, education, and work experience.
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resume
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three parts of the resume
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headings, leads, and descriptions
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the category of a resume under which specific information is classified, flags signal individual areas of accomplishment
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headings
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consist of the first information on each new ling under the heading of a resume and should include the most important information for any individual entry.
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leads
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include all the information that follows the lead on a resume
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descriptions
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should be viewed as your chance to explain and highlight how your abilities, skills, and experiences listed on your resume fit the job requirements.
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cover letter
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this annual excercise is usually conducted by the employees immediate supervisor for the purpose of evaluating the employee's previous performance and setting goals for the coming year
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performance appraisal interview
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held annually, often at the beginning of the organization's fiscal year, so that both mangager and employee can work together to establish performance goals for theupcoming year.
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performance planning interview
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a formal method of role taking that is useful for larger audiences, speaker can adjust the topic, presentation mode, and persuasive appeals prior to the presentation
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audience analysis
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first step in audience analysis involves ________________, including occasion, audience size, organizational culture, environment, and time considerations.
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situational variables
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To understand occasion, speaker must first consider the ____________ for the presentation and adapt the message to fit that goal
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purpose
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involves what happens before and after your presentation
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context
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Know size of audience so you can present with appropriate (x). The general rule of thumb is that as size increases, so should (x)
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x=formality
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the qualities over which an audience has relatively little control, such as age, gender, economic status, education, religion, sexual orientation, or cultural heritage
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demographics
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an audience that attends a presentation of its own free will
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voluntary audience
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an audience that is required to attend
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captive audience
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an audience that has a positive attitude toward the topic yet has little specific knowledge
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favorable audience
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a group that has little knowledge and a negative interpretation of the subject
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apathetic audience
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an informed audience that is favorable toward the speaker and subject
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active audience
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an audience that is knowledgeable about the topic, but members disagree with the specific viewpoint the speaker advocates
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hostile audience
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audiences that include various combinations of the five main audiences
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mixed audiences
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when a mixed audience has favorable, neutral, and hostile members, speaker needs to choose a _________, or one or two of the audience types represented as the focus of one's persuasive appeals
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target audience
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the two general purposes common to speaking in business and professional situations to________ and _________
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inform, persuade
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__________ are determined by superiors, the organization, or the expectations of the audience
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topic
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When selecting a topic, name the three things that should be considered
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personal experience/interest, audience interests, and expecations about the occasion
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focuses the speech on one aspect of a larger topic
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specific purpose statement
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The specific purpose statement states ____________ that the speaker desires. It is related to the general purpose of the speech and may include understanding, or belief or action.
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audience outcome
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a precise statement of the two to five main ideas in the speech body
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main idea statement
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You need _________________ such as examples, statistics, and quotations to support your main idea statement
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supporting materials
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specific instances that illustrate a larger point
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examples
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collection of individual examples delivered as raw numbers or averages
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statistics
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a direct quoation or paraphrase of witnesses, experts, or other informed people
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testimony
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this involves collecting supporting material for the specific purpose and main idea statements.
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research
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can run book searches by title, author, or subject
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computerized catalog
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paper or electronic databases that list and summarize articles in popular and academic periodicals
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periodical indexes and abstracts
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this is a set of linked computer networks that began as a federally funded project to maintain military communication during a nuclear war
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the internet!
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a series of internet linkages used by millions of people around the globe
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the World Wide Web!
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a series of operating instructions that allows your personal computer to interact with the documents stored on the web
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browser
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sites on the world wide web created by universities, publishers companies and individuals
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web pages
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a program that sifts through an enormous index of web pages for key words or phrases
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search engine
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face to face, telephone, or internet conversations with experts. Typically done at the end of research process so you know the information first
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interview
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should gain attention, justify topic, clarify credibility and preview main points in the body
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introduction
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main ideas of the speech are here
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body
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reviews main ideas and emphasizes the specific purpose statement
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conclusion
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this structure follows a time pattern that moves from earliest to latest or first to last
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chronological structure
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this structure follows a geographical or directional pattern
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spatial structure
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this structure describes how one event leads to another
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cause-effect structure
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this structure defines a difficulty and suggests a remedy
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problem solution structure
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this structure divides a topic into logical categories
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topical structure
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a full sentence outline of virtually everything the teacher intends to say
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preparation outline
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when a speaker develops main ideas such that they preview subpoints
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forecasting
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an organizational device that should be used throughout the speech
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parallel order
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means that the same words or phrases are repeated in previews, main ideas, and subpoints
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parallel language
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these indicate the relationship between subpoints
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transitional phrase
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an abbreviated version of the preparation outline, this forces speaker to select words and phrases on the spot enabling a more spontaneous presentation than if the speaker read from the prep outline
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delivery outline
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__________ include underlines for points that require emphasis, two lines (//) for important pauses, or words in the corner that correct common delivery errors such as going too slow, too rapidly, or filling dead space with vocalized pauses
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speaking directions
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Three things to get a good intro
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startling statement or fact, a good quotation, or a story
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necessary to inform the audience why the issue is important or relevant
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justify the topic
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is the audiences perception of the speaker's expertise, trustworthiness, and dynamism
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source credibility
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this puts the speech back together by tying the end back to the beginning, reviews main ideas and ends with a capstone statement
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conclusion
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any pictorial, textual, or graphic image that is presented visually rather than orally
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visual aid
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Using a(n) ________ is an excellent way to add interest and clarity to your ideas
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object
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scale, two-dimensional drawings or three-dimensional constructions that represent very large or very small objects
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models
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summarize information and provide reference guide to audience long after presentation
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handout
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these improve retention and understanding of complex information
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photographs
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these are useful for summarizing statistical information
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charts
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useful way to show changes in one or more variables
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line graph
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displays the relationship of various parts to a whole
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pie chart
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excellent way to make comparisons among magnitudes
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bar graph
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display the key features of the presentation in words, phrases, and sentences
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text visuals
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illustrate complicated concepts or processes with the simple shapes, lines, and arrows available on powerpoint presentations
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constructed visuals
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