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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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correlation coefficient communicates WHAT?
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both the strength and the direction of the linear relationship between two metricvariables (interval or ratio).
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correlation coefficient DOES NOT communicates WHAT?
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slope of the relationship
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The sign of the correlation coefficient indicates what?
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The sign (+ or -) indicates the directionof the association
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How do you determine the STRENGTH of the correlation coefficient?
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The correlation coefficient (r) is a number ranging from -1.0 to +1.0. The closer to 1.0 (+ or -), the stronger the association.
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How do you determine if there is an association in the population?
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you have to look at the p-value
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How do you look at the p value?
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When there is NO association, the P value for the Pearson r will be >0.05.
Whenthere IS association, the P value for the Pearson r will be ≤ 0.05. |
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What else is the p value called?
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Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient (r)
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What do you compare the p value to?
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.05
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what do you compare the t-value to?
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1.96
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What is a special consideration in linear procedures?
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Correlations will not detect non-linear relationships between variables.
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What types of Statistical Analysis are there? (Hint: 5)
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1.Descriptive analysis
2.Inferential analysis 3.Differences analysis 4.Associative analysis: 5.Predictive analysis |
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What is Descriptive Analysis used for?
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used to describe the data set
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Inferential analysis is used for?
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used to generate conclusions about the population’s characteristics based on the sample data
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Differences analysis used for?
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used to compare the means
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Associative analysis is used for?
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determines the strength and direction of relationships between two or more variables
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Predictive analysis is used for?
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allows one to make forecasts for future eventsPopulation, used
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Define relationship (in terms of associative analysis):
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a consistent, systematiclinkage (not necessarily causal) between the levels (quantity) or labels of two variables two variables
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What do associative analyses determine?
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determine where stable relationships exist between two variables
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What are Characteristics of Associations?
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Type
–Monotonic vs. Non-monotonic –Linear vs. Curvilinear •Presence (present vs. absent) •Direction (increasing decreasing) •Strength (weak, strong, moderate) |
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Define monotonic
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the general direction of a relationship between two variables is known
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define non-monotonic
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the notion of “direction” does not make sense.
–In particular, when the presence (or absence) of one variable is associated with the presence (or absence) of another. |
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define linear
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“straight-line” association between two variables
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Curvilinear
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some smooth curve pattern describes the association
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define presence
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whether any systematic relationship exists between two variables of interest in the population (not only in the data set).
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What is Cross-tabulation analysis (crosstab) used for?
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used to assess is a non-monotonic relationship exists between two nominal-scaled variables (you can use also for categorical variables)
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What do we use the Chi-Square to tell us?
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if relationships between categorical variable are present in the population.
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Chi-square analysis assesses what?
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assesses nonmonotonic associations in cross-tabulation tables.
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How do you interpret a Chi-Square result?
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If the p- value is ≤ to 0.05, this means that we have a significant
association…we have the PRESENCE of a systematic relationship between the two variables in the population . – If the p-value is significant, we should look at the crosstabulation row and column percentages to “see” the association pattern. |
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Do nonmonotonic relationships have direction?
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Nonmonotonicrelationships do not have direction…only PATTERN(presence and absence).
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define population
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The target population is the collection of elements or objects that possess the information sought by the researcher and about which inferences are to be made.
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Define census
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An accounting of the complete population
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Define sample
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subgroup of the population selected for participation in the study.
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What are reasons for taking a sample (vs. census)
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•Cost
•Time •Samples can produce accurate results |
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Parameter
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summary description of a fixed characteristic or measure of the target population. A parameter denotes the true value which would be obtained if a census rather than a sample was undertaken.
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Statistic
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summary description of a characteristic or measure of the sample. The sample statistic is used as an estimate of the population parameter.
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most of the sample means drawn will fall w/in a certain interval... WHAT is this interval?
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Confidence Interval (CI)
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confidence interval
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gives an estimated range of values which is likely to include an unknown population parameter, the estimated range being calculated from a given set of sample data
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What are the different C.I's?
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Different confidence levels are possible: 95%, 90% . 99%, ...
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mean
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sometimes referred to as the “arithmetic mean”; the average value characterizing a set of numbers
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Median
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the value whose occurrence lies in the middle of a set of ordered values
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Measures of central tendency are used for?
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used to report a single piece of information that describes the most typical response to a question
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Mode
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the value in a string of numbers that occurs most often
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What are the measures of central tendency?
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mean, median, mode
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What are Measures of variability used for?
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used to reveal the typical difference between the values in a set of values
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What are examples of measures of variability?
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frequency distribution, standard deviation, range
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Frequency distribution
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reveals the number (percent) of occurrences of each number or set of numbers
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Range
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identifies the maximum and minimum values in a set of numbers
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Standard deviation
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indicates the degree of variation in a way that can be translated into a bell-shaped curve distributionDo
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What are different measurement scales? (hint:4)
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nominal, interval, ordinal, ratio
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Which of the measurement scales are metric?
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interval and ratio
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Which of the measurement scales are categorical?
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nominal and ordinal
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