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257 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Periosteum
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tough fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone
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peri
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surrounding
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oste
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bone
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compact bone
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dense hard and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer
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spongy bone
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lighter and not as strong as compact bone, commonly found in the ends and inner portioons of long bones such as the femur
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medullary
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located in the shaft of long bone surrounded by compact bone. medullary means pertaining to the inner section
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endosteum
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tissue that lines the medullary cavity
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end
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within
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red bone marrow
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which is located within spingy bone is hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells hemoglobin, white blood cells and thrombocytes
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hemopoietic
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pertaining to the formation of blood cells
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hem/o
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blood
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poietic
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pertaining to formation
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yellow bone marrow
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functions as fat storage area, composed cheifly of fat cells and is located in the medullary
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cartilage
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smooth, rubbery blue white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones. Also makes up flexible parts of skeleton such as the outer ear and the tip of the nose
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articular cartilage
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covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints, The cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing together
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meniscus
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curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such as the kneww and the temporo mandibular joint of the jaw
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proximal epiphysis
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top wide part of a long bone
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distal epiphysis
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bottom wide part of a long bone
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diaphysis
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shaft of the bone
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foramen
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opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass. For example the spinal cord passes thought the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
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joints travel throught he birth canal
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which are also known as articulations are the place of union between two or more bones.
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Fibrous Joints
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consisting of inflexible layers of the dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together. In adults these joints which are also known as sutures do not allow any movement. In newborns and very young children some fribrous joints are movable before they solidity
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fontanelles
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soft spots normally present on the skull of a newborn to faxilitate movement through the birth canal
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cartilage joints
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allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected only by cartilage such as where ribs are connected to sternum
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pubic symphysis
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cartilage joints that allow some movement to facilitate child birth. Located between the pelvis and the pubic bones in the anterior of the pelvis
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synovial joint
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created here two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions.
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Ball and socket joints
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such as the hips and shoulders allow a wide range of movement in many directions
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Hinge Joints
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like knees and elbows are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one directions
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Synovial Capsule
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outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
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Synovial membrane
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line the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
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Synovial Fluid
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Lube for the synovial cavity
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Ligaments
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bands of fibrous tissue that forms joints by connecting one bone to another or joining cartilage.
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Bursa
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fibrous sac that asts like a cushion to easse movement in areas that are subject to friction such as shoulder elbow and knee joints where tendon passes over a bone
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Axial skeleton
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protects the major organs of the nervous, respitory and circulatory systems
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axial
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pertaining to axis
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Axial skeleton
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consists of 80 bones including those of the skull, ribs, sternum and thoracic vertebrae of the thoracic cavity and the other vertebrae of the spinal column
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Appendicular skeleton
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makes body movement possible and protexts the organs of digestion, excretion and reproduction.
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appendicular
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referring to appendage, anything attached to a major part of the body
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Appendicular skeleton
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consists of 126 bones organzed into upper and lower extremeties
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Skull
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8 bones cranium, 14 bones in face, 6 bones in the middle ear.
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Cranium
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Frontal Bone- Forehead
Parietal Bone x2- most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium Occipal bone - forms the posterior floor and walls of the cranium Temporal Bones x2 - sides and base of the cranium Sphenoid Bone - forms part of the base of the skull and floor and sides of the orbit Ethmoid Bone - forms part of the posterior portion of the nose, orbit and floor of the cranium |
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External auditory meatus -
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opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear
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Bones of the face
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Nasal Bones - form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
zygomatic bones - cheekbones Maxillary Bones - Maxillae - most of the upper jaw Palatine bones - part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose Lacrimal Bones - part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye Inferior Conchae - thin scroll like bones, part of interior of nose Vomer Bone - Base for nasal septum - divides two nasal cavities Mandible - jawbone |
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zygomatic
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bones - cheekbones
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Mandible
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- jawbone
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Vomer Bone -
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Base for nasal septum - divides two nasal cavities
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Inferior Conchae -
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thin scroll like bones, part of interior of nose
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Lacrimal Bones -
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part of the orbit at the inner angle of the eye
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Palatine bones -
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part of the hard palate of the mouth and floor of the nose
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Maxillary Bones -
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Maxillae - most of the upper jaw
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Occipital Bone
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posterior floor and walls of the cranium
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Parietal Bone x2-
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most of the roof and upper sides of the cranium
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Frontal Bone
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Forehead
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Temporal Bones
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sides and base of cranium
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Sphenoid Bone
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Part of the base of the skul and parts of the floor and sides of the orbit
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orbit
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bony socket that surrounds and protects the eyeball
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Ethmoid Bone
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Part of the posterior portion of the nose, the orbit and the floor of a cranium
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Temporal Mandibular Joint
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TMJ, joint that attaches mandible and skull
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Thoracic Cavity
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rib cage, bony structure that protects the heart and lungs. Consists of Sternum, ribs, upper portion of the spinal column from neck to diaphragm not including arms
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Ribs
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12 pairs known as costals
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First seven pairs of ribs
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True ribs, attached anteriorly to sternum
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Three pairs of ribs in middle
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false ribs, attach anteriorly to cartilage that joins with the sternum
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last two pairs of ribs
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floating ribs, are only attached porteriorly
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Sternum
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AKA Breastbone, forms middle of the frint of the rib cage and is divided into three parts
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Manubrium
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bony structures that forms the upper portion of the sternum
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Body of the sternum
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bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
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Xiphoid Process
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structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
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Pectoral Girdle
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supports the arms and hands, aka the shoulder girdle.
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girdle
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means a structure that encircles the body
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clavicle
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collarbone - slender bone that connects the manabrium and of the sternum and the scapula
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Scapula
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shoulder blade
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Acromion
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extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
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Humerus
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upper arm
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Radius
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thumb side of the forearm, smaller shorter forearm bone
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ulna
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larger and linger bone, pinky side of arm, articulates with distal end of humerus to form elbow joint
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olecranon process
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commonly knon as funny bone, is large projection on the upperend of ulna that forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck
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Carpals
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8 bones that form the wrists they form the carpal tunnel through which passes the median nerve and the end of the tendons of the fingers.
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metacarpals
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five bones that form the pals of the hand
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phalanges
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14 bones of the fingers and also the toes toes
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Bones of the fingers
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Distal (outermost) middle and proximal phalanges
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Thumb
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2 bones, distal and proximal phalanges
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Spinal Column
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aka vertebral column, 26 vertebrae, supports the head and bpdy and protects the spinal cord
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Vertebrae
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bony structure units of the spinal column
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Body of the vertebrae
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solid anterior portion of vertebrae
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Lamina
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Posterior porion of a vertebrae, transverse and spinous processes extend from this area
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vertebral foramen
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opening in the middle of the vertebrae, spinal cord passes through this opening
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Cervical Vertebrae
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first set of seven vertebrae that form the neck, aka C1-C7
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Cervical
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Pertaining to the neck
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Thoracic Vertebrae
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make up second set of vertebrae, aka T1-T12
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Thoracic
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Pertaining to thoracic cavity
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Lumbar Vertebrae
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third set of vertebrae L1-L5; largest and strongest, form inward curve of spine,
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lumbar
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relating to part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
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sacrum
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slightly curved triangular bone near the base of the spine that forms the portion of the back. At birth the sacrum is composed of five seperate bones, however they fuse together in the young child into a single bone
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coccys
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aka tailbone, end of spine, madeup of 4 small vertebrae fused together
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Invertebral disks
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made of cartilage seperate and cusion the vertebrae from each other. - shock absorbers allow for movement of the spinal column
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pelvick girdle
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protects the internal organs and supports the lower extremities - aka hips and pelvis.
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Ilium
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broad blade shaped bone that forms the back and the sides of the pubic bone
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sacroiliac
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slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
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ishium
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forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone (sit on)
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Sacr/o
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sacrum
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ili
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ilium
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pubis
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anterior portion of the pubic bone located just below the urinary bladder
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acetabulum
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hip socket
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Femur
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upper leg bone
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head of femus
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articulates with the acetabulum
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femoral neck
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narrow area just below the head of femur
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knees
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complex joints that make possible movement between upper and lower legg
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patella
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ala kneecap
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popliteal
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posterior space behind the knee, the ligaments, vessels and muscles related to this joints are located
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cruciate ligaments
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anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments, make possible movement of the knee. Ligaments are shaped like a cross
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Lower legg bones
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Tibia and Fibula
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Tibia
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Shin Bone, larger, weight bearing bone in the anterior of the lower legg
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Fibula
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smaller of the two legg bones
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Malleolus
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rounded bony protuberance on each side of the ankle
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ankles
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forms the joint between lower legg and the foot.Made up of 7 tarsal bones each.
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Talus
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anklebone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
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calcaneus
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heel bone
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metatarsals
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part of foot to which toes attach
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phalanges
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bones of the toes. Great toe has 2 and other toes have 3.
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Chiropractor
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holds a doctor of chiropractic degree and specializes in manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
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orthopedic surgeon
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aka ortopedist, physician who specializes in diagnosiing and treating diseases and disoirders involving the bones joints and muscles
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osteopath
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doctor of osteopathy, physician who uses traaditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
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podiatrist
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doctor of podiatry, specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
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Ankylosis
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loss or absense of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury or a surgical procedure
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ankyl
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means crooked, bent or stiff
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arthrosclerosis
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hardening/ stiffness of a joint
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Bursitis
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inflammation of the bursa
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burs
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bursa
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chonromalacia
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softening of cartilage
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chonr
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cartilage
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chondroma
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slow benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
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Costochondritis
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inflammation of the cartilage that connects to a rib that connects to the sternum
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cost/o
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ribs
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hallux valgus
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known as a bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the big toe
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Hemarthrosis
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blood within a joint
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hema
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blood
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arthr
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joint
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osis
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abnormal condition
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Synovitis
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inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
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Synov
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synovial membrane
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dislocation
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aka luxation; displacement of a bone from its joint
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subluxation
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partial dislocation
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arthritis
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inflammation of one or more joints
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osteoarthritis
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wear and tear arthritis
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Spondylosis
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aka spinal osteoarthritis, degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
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Spondyl
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vertebrae
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gouty arthiris
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aka gout, deposits of uric acid
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uric acid
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byproduct normally secreted by kidney, gout developes when exess uric acid is present in the blood and crystals form in the joints of the legs and feet
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Rheumatoid arthritis
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RA; autoimmune disoder in which joints and some organs of the other body systems are attacked. attacks the synovial membranes until they are inflammed and thickened so they become swollen and painfull and immobile
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Ankylosing spondylitis
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form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
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ankylosing
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progressive stiffening of a joint or joints
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spodylitis
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inflammation of vertebrae
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Juvenile RA
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autoimune disease that effects children 16 and younger, symptoms include stiffness, pain joint swelling, skin rash fever slowed growth and fatigue
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herniated disk
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aka slipped or ruptured disk, breaking apart of an invertebral disk that results in pressure on the spinal nerve roots
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Lumbago
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aka - low back pain, pain in the lumbar region
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lumb
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lumbar
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ago
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diseased condition
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spondylolisthesis
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forward slipping movement of the body on one of the lumbar vertebrae or sacrum
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spondyl
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vertebrae
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listhesis
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slipping
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spina bifida
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congenital defect that occurs in early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
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spina
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pertianing to the spine
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bifida
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split
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Kyphosis
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abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side - humpback/dowagers hump
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Lordis
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abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
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Scoliosis
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abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
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scoli
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curved
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Craniostenosis
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maformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
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crani/o
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means skull
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Fibrous dysplasia
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a bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue
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Ostealgia
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aka osteodynia, pain in a bone
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osteitis
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aka ostisis; inflammation of the bone
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Osteomalacia
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aka adult rickets, abnormal softening of bones in adults
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osteomyelitis
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inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone. Bacterial infection that causes osteomyelitis often originates in another part of the body and spreads via the blood
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Osteonecrosis
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death of bone tissue due to lack of insufficient blood supply
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Padget's Disease
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AKA osteitis deformans, bone disease of unknown cause. Charaterized by excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation. The new bone is structurally enlarged but wekened and filled with new blood vessels
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Periostitis
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inflammation of the periosteum. Associated with shin splints.
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peri
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surrounding
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rickets
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aka infantile osteomalacia, deficiency occuring in children
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Short Stature
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formerly known as dwarfism, conditioning resulting from the failure of the bones of the limb to grow to an appropriate lenght. Avg adult heigth is no more than 4"10
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talipes
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aka clubfoot; describes any congenital defromity of the foot involving the talus
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primary bone cancer
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relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
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secondary bone cancer
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tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breast and lung
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myeloma
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type of cancer that occurs in blood making cells found in red bone marrow
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osteochondroma
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benign pbony projection covered cartilage
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osteoprosis
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marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is associated with aging
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por
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small opening
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osteopenia
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thinner than average bone density in young person.
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penia
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deficiency
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Compression Fracture
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aka vertebral crush fracture occurs when bone is pressed together on itself.
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Colle's Fracture
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Fractured wrist
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osteoporotic hip fracture
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weaking of the hip bones due to osteoporosis
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closed fracture
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bone is broken but there is no open wound in the skin
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open fracture
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compound fracture, bone is broken and there is an open wound inthe skin
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comminuted fracture
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one in which bone is splintered or crushed
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greenstick fracture
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one in which bone is bent and only partially broken
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oblique fracture
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occurs at an angle across the bone
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pathologic fracture
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occurs when a weakend bone breaks under normal knin.
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stess fracture
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overuse injury, small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact.
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Fat embolus
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can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood.
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embolus
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foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
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Crepitation
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crepitus, grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
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callus
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bulging deposit around a break as the bone heals.
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radiograph
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aka xray, use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures or other abnormalities
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arthroscopy
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visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
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bone marrow biopsy
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diagnostic test that may be necessary after an abnormal types or numbers of red blood cells or white blood cells are found in a completed blood count test
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bone marrow aspiration
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use of a syringe to withdraww the liquid bone marrow
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magnetic response imaging
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use to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
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Bone Density Testing
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used to determine losses or changes in bone density.
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Ultrasonic bone density testing
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screening test for osteoposoris or other conditions that cause loss of bone mass. Sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcenaeous bone (heel)
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Dual xray absorptiometry
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low exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
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Bone Marrow Transplant
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Initially all the bone marrow and cancer cells are destroyed and then healthy marrow stem cells are transfused into the patients blood where they multiply and form cancer free marrow
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allogenic bone marrow transplant
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from healthy matching donor
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autologous bone marrow transplant
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patient receives his own marrow that has been harvested, cleaned, treated and then stored before the remaining marrow is destroyed.
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autologous
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means originating within an individual
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orthodic
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mechanical appliance such as leg brace
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prosthesis
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substitute for a diseased or missing body part
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Arthrodesis
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surgical fusion of two bones
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Arthrolysis
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Surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
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desis
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surgical fixation
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arthr
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joint
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lysis
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loosening, breaking down, destruction, setting free
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arthroscopic surgery
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minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint. IE torn cartilage and be removed with use of an arthroscope inserted through small incisions
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bursectomy
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surgical removal of a bursa
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chondroplasty
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surgical repair of cartilage
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synovectomy
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surgical removal of synovial membe=rance
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Revision surgery
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replacement of a worn or failed implant
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cone conserving hip resurfacing
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Function is restored by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
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Percutaneous diskectomy
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surgical removal of ruptured disk by suctioning it out or vaporizing it with lazer
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percutaneous vertebroplasty
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bone cement is injected to stabilize the compression fracture
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laminectomy
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surgical removal of lamina
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lamina
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lamina
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percutaneous
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perfomred through the skin
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Spinal fusion
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technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
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craniectomy
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surgical removal of a portion of the skull
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craiotomy
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surgical incision or opening into the skull
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cranioplasty
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surgical repair of the skull
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Osteoclasis
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surgical fracture of a bone
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clasis
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to break
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Osteorraphy
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surgical suturing or wiring of bone
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osteotomy
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incision or sectionin of a bone
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osteaoplasty
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surgical repair of a bone
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periosteotomy
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incision through the periosteum to the bone
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closed reduction
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attempted reallignment of bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
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immobilization
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stabilization, holding, suturing, fastening bone in a fixed position
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Traction
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pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return bone or joint to normal allignment
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External fixation
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fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the sift tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be udes to hold the pieces of bone firmlu in place during healing
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internal fixation
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fracture treatment in which plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken peieces in place
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BDT
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Bone Density Testing
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CR
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Closed Reduction
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Fx
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Fracture
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OA
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Osteoarthritis
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OP
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Osteoporosis
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TMJ
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Temporomandibular joint
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THA
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Total Hip Arthoplasty
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TJA
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Total Joint Arthroplasty
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TKA
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Total Knee Arthroplasty
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