Buried Cities, And Lost Tribes

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Probabilistic sampling

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– not sure where to start so random areas are sampled, this avoids any bias

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Purposeful sampling

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– This is sampling built upon previous work so you know where to start (specific location)

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Non-random patterning:

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empirical data (not facts), can be quantified. Science searches for patterns in space and time. Archaeologists argue that the way things are patterned is non random. Things are there for a reason.

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Three Tactics of Archaeology

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-Excavation – work in a site (where some kind of human behavior occurred in the area) usually sectioned off with quadrants. Contains artifacts, ecofacts and features
-Survey – collection of data about a region. The archaeologist will walk the area and collect this data while searching the area to get a general idea of the land
-Textual Evidence –evidence from written records to answer specific questions about the people and culture and their interactions with others

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Datum point:

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a point of reference in 3D space from which we can measure to other data points; latitude and longitude (lat 0 degrees- equator/ long 0 degrees- Greenwich, Prime Meridian)

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Artifact:

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Portable objects whose natural form has been made or modified for human use and activity (ex: stone hammer or fired clay vessel)

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ecofact:

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Nonartifactual material remains that have cultural relevance. (ex: remnants of wild or domesticated animal and plant species)

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Feature:

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Non portable artifacts that cannot be recovered from the settings in which they are found (ex: hearths, burials, storage pits, roads etc)--features are architectural

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Site:

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Spacial clusters of artifacts, features, and/or ecofacts

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Region:

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Largest and most flexible spatial clusters of archaeological data Definition of a region allows archaeologists to investigate a wider range of ancient activities—beyond those restricted to a single site.

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Cross-dating:

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Cross-dating is a technique used to take advantage of consistencies in stratigraphy between parts of a site or different sites, and objects or strata with a known relative chronology.
-a method of dating objects, remains, etc., by comparison and correlation with other sites and levels

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Manhattan Project:

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project that led to the development of the atomic bomb during WW2, resulted with Radiocarbon, Willard Libby studied half-life

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Primary context:

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Things in first hand context

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Secondary context:

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Things taken out of first hand context, material that has been moved from where it was first deposited as a result of subsequent human activity or natural phenomena

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parsimonius explanation -

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want data to go as far as it can, these are explanations that use a greater percentage of data

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Catastrophism:

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Catastrophism is the idea that many of Earth’s crustal features (strata layers, erosion, polystrate fossils, etc) formed as a result of past cataclysmic activity. In other words, the Earth’s surface has been scarred by catastrophic natural disasters.

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Principle of Uniformitarianism-

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Developed by Charles Lyell in middle of 19th century; idea that natural processes and phenomena have always been the way they are

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Law of Association:

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Items/artifacts closer to each other physically must be close in time to each other

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Principle of Superposition:

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Concept that strata layers represent time. Lower layers are from earlier times, higher layers are from later times. Stated by Boucher De Perthes.

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Relative dating:

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Dates that are determined relative to other artifacts/stratas around the artifact etc. Dates are expressed relative to one another instead of in absolute terms.

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Absolute dating:

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Dates that can be rendered numerically (ex: 1200 AD). Stem from 2nd World War. Specific units of scientific measure- days, years, centuries, milennia- pinpoint a specific year or range of years

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Stylistic seriation:

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Changes in style are relative to time; the organization of artifacts by sequence according to changes over time (a relative age determination technique). Change is unpredictable, nondirectional, incremental, and cumulative

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Frequency seriation:

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Also called artifact dating; early scientific method of relative dating developed by Petrie Flinders; the organization of artifacts by their frequency appearance ( a relative age determination technique), based on the idea that an artifact type first steadily grows in popularity and then steadily declines

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Battleship curves:

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horizontal bars representing percentages plotted on a vertical axis. Plotting several curves can allow the archaeologist to develop a relative chronology for an entire site or group of sites.

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Stratigraphy:

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The study of strata, or layers. Specifically, stratigraphy refers to the application of the Law of Superposition to soil and geological strata containing archaeological materials in order to determine the relative ages of layers.
-The study of stratified sediments

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Radiocarbon dating

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: Dating method developed by W. Libby and JR. Arnold. The “A” bomb for the Manhattan project started it. Can be used on anything organic.

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Radiocarbon calibration:

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(also relative to dendrochronology dating) turning radiocarbon or dendrochronology dates into calendar dates.

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half-life -

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the time it takes a radioactive substance to decay into half of its original substance.
Carbon 14 (radioactive) --> Nitrogen 14 . (Falconer says know the half life of C14, which is 5000 years)
i.e. If there’s 10 kilograms of C14, after 5000 years it will become 5 kg of N14 and 5kg of C14. And another 5000 years, it will be 7.5kg N14 and 2.5kg C14

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“B.P”:

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before present

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Dendrochronology

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tree ring dating

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Potassium-Argon dating -

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Usually used in cases involving molten lava and measuring the potassium-argon ratio. Half life is over one million years.

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Aerial photography-

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Started at the start of the century with photographs of the Roman town of Ostia taken from a balloon. Photography taken from above.

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Accelerator Mass-Spectroscopy:

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directly counts the number of C-14 atoms

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Thermo luminescence:

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used to date buried objects, samples artifacts/data of the last time they were exposed to sunlight

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Provenience:

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3D location of something

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Calendrical dating:

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converting radio carbon dating into calendar dating, usually into B.C.

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Cultural Resource Management (CRM)

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is a. CRM archaeologists work with developers to identify and mitigate the potential impacts of development on archaeological sites in advance of proposed construction activities and c. CRM archaeologists begin with a research setting and devise an interesting research question

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Paleomagnetism:

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a dating method, the magnetic polarization acquired by the minerals in a rock at the time it was formed, iron drifts towards the North magnetic pole

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Cultural Formation Processes:

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Shaping of the land by human processes, such as farming or building

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Ethnographic Analogy:

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Interpreting archaeological data through the observation of analogous activities in existing societies

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Hypothesis:

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a proposed explanation for an observable phenomenon, a specific testable statement [if/then statement]

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Kalinga:

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provided ethnographic analogy for the ancient inhabitants of Carter Ranch Pueblo. Discovered they indentified pots by morphology not decoration. Style was influenced by peer group not matriline

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Material culture:

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Artifacts or other concrete things left behind by cultures of the past, all the material stuff you are involved with in your life

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Matrilocal:

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a societal system in which a married couple lives with the parents of the bride

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Moundbuilders:

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Jefferson wanted to debunk the myth of the moundbuilders. Myth held that these moundbuilders were built in the Pre-European contact then they just disappeared without a trace. Native Americans were not capable of building them

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Natural formation process:

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A process existing in or produced by nature (rather than by the intent of human beings), i.e. the action of natural forces eg: volcanic activity

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Occam’s Razor:

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is a principle that generally recommends selecting the competing hypothesis that makes the fewest new assumptions, when the hypotheses are equal in other respects. i.e.The simplest explanation is most likely the correct one.

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Step Trench-

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looking at an excavation site from the side to see the layers. (like peeling back the frosting of a cake to see what the layers of cake are made of)

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Test implications-

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empirical data (data that can be observed, quantified, and described and revisited later) set out by a scientist. The test implications are used to affirm or refute a hypothesis

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Theory:

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a broad body of thought based on empirical observations, a general idea that has some basis of observed data

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Transect:

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A path along which one records and counts distance and occurrences between objects

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Ziggurat:

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step temples/pyramids built in the ancient Mesopotamian valley

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Carter Ranch:

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a pueblo in Northeastern Arizona, a ruin, excavated by Longacre

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Abbeville:

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In France, Jasques Boucher de Perthes interpreted his findings here. The dry streambed he worked in showed stratigraphic layers

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Amarna:

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In Eygpt , captial city of Pharoah Akunetatum

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Susa:

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In Iran, French found the “Law Code of Hammurabi”

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Diospolis Parva:

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In Eygpt, where Sir Flinders Petrie lived/worked

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Deir al-Bahri:

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In Eygpt, location that Carter found 38 pharonic mummies, and also the site of Queen Hatshepseut’s tomb.

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Thebes:

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(Karnak and Luxor): City in Egypt near Valley of Kings, centers for celebration and other events.

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Valley of Kings:

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Burial place of Egypt's greatest pharaohs. Tutankhamen was buried here. Excavated by Carter and many others

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Ur:

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ancient city in Sumer, Modern day Iraq, where the death pits of queen Puabi and king Abargi are buried with their servants and army. Excavated by Leonard Woolley

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William Longacre:

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excavated Carter Ranch, based on pottery concluded societies were matrilocal

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Sir Flinders Petrie:

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camped in a tomb while he excavated it, Diopolis Parva, Egypt

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Leonard Woolley:

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excavated Ur, found the 2000 burials, including 16 royal burials as well as Queen Puabi’s tomb. Payed lots of attention to small details.

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Boucher de Perthes:

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worked in French city Abberville and studied Abbervile Gravels. in lower stratas he argued that their were bones unlike other animal bones...extinct. He said people were there longer were there longer then 4014 BC (according to tracing back in the bible) -->giving Darwin’s theory more evidence.

Used principles of superposition, law of association, and uniformitarianism

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King A-Bar-Gi:

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buried in a death pit under queen Puabi in Ur

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Queen Puabi:

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SIr Leonard Woolley found her tomb when excavating Orge. Her burial was the most elaborate of 2000 burials including 16 royal burials. She was found surrounded by attendants and soldiers. Her burial was above King A-Bar-Gi. Suspected to be a mass suicide in her name.

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Howard Carter:

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British archaeologist who discovered tomb of Tutankhamen.

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James Deetz:

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used the changing popularity of gravestone styles to illustrate frequency seriation . Showed use of battleship curve frequencies.

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Hatshepsut:

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victim of delegitmation by Tutmoses III. Regined over Egypt soley for quite some time. Her tomb is located in Deir-el Bahir

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Tutankhamen:

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Little known pharaoh who’s tomb was discovered by Howard Carter. Tomb was really extravagant and had incredible amounts of riches

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Lord Carnarvon:

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wealthy aristocrat who worked with Howard Carter on the discovery of Tutankhamen. Bit by mosquito and died shortly after, before Tutankhamen's tomb was fully explored.

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Willard Libby:

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studied radioactive material in Chicago, how it behaves once created. He discovered half-life decay properties

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A.E. Douglass:

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Astronomer who developed dendrochronology (tree ring dating)

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James Ussher:

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Dated creation to October 23rd 4004 BC. Archbischop of Ireland

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Jacques Cuvier:

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Developed the principle of catastrophism

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Lewis Leakey:

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Kanam Jaw: investigated Kanam
○ Established provenience (branch of a tree)
The Jaw was unusually shaped but showed some features of H. sapiens

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Charles Lyell:

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contributed the Principle of uniformitarianism, and deep time

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Thomas Jefferson:

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Conducted first archaeological excavation in the world on what he hypothesized was a burial mound for a battle, 1780. He was asked to fill out a questionnaire for Virgina b/c he was the Governor, so he went and saw the landscape of the natives. He theorized that the mounds had stuff in them so he excavated one on his plantation. He introduced stratigraphy and location context. The mound was not a for battles because there were women and children, no traumatic injuries, and no one act of burial.