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65 Cards in this Set
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bugs were here before humans
many many kinds of bug species and many many of EACH species. 10,000,000 bug species on earth! only what have been discovered? |
only 1/10 of all the bugs are known
we have had to conforn to a bugs world since being here. and they to to our existance |
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everything we have organic is a target for bugs. Also bugs are vectors (carriers) of disease. like what?
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malaria
encephalitis yellow fever |
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bugs can cause enormous damage but also provide a benefit which far outweigh the bad they do.
What examples? |
bees that polinate
bugs are food for wildlife help decompose rooting stuff bugs eat bugs |
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INSECT GROWTH & DEVOLPMENT
what is a segmented animal? |
insects and relatives like mites spiders symphylans are segmented animals
no internal skeleton they have exoskeleton exoskeletons vary but chemical makeup of all is similar. for a bug to grow, they shed the exoskeleton called MOLTING. All bugs do this molting. The # of times a bug molts varies. Each growth stage of an immature bug is called a INSTAR. After hatching from an egg, thats the first INSTAR. second molt is second INSTAR, etc. |
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bugs have very distinct growth stages accomplished by a process called
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metmorphosis
to change form |
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bugs w/ a simple metamorphosis pass through
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egg
nymph adult stage young are called NYMPHS |
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So an egg hatches into first INSTAR or nymph. when or what is it when the quit molting?
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the are adults at that point, no more molts and don't grow larger
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simple metamorphais bugs are:
grasshoppers crickets thrips bugs leafhoppers aphids What do these hatches all look like? |
just like tiny adults!
a new hatch grasshopper looks like an adult grasshopper just undevelopled wings as nymphs. So adults and nymphs both eat same foods! see both of them chowing on same peach |
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COMPLEX METAMORPHESIS
egg LARVA PUPA adult what are the young called? |
LARVA are the young stage
plural = larvae butterflies moths beetles flies bees in Complex metamorphesis, the larvae does the eating and the finished product does the fucking. ************************** SO the larvae do the most damage, not the finished adult |
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complex metamorphesis bugs come from eggs, MOST of them.
what about all the changes these lavae do before becoming an adult? |
the larva will usually make a COCOON where the PUPA forms!
Will take days to months. |
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MOST bugs are complex metamorphesis bugs. what about this in regards to this discussion?
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the larva will appear in DIFFERENT situations and places than their adults, so?
Moth butterfly fly rarely do all the damage, its their larvae. BUT BUT BUT Many beetles both adults & Larvae feed on same stuff |
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Again the larvae do the damage not Pupa, not adult or egg. Larvae. its the most destructive stage.
***************************** so what? |
So we need to know these larvae.
the adult moth is a larvae catepiller! inchworm or looper or borer cutworm or webworm or leafroller! An adult beetle is a larvae grub wireworm borer billbug An adult fly is a larvae maggot grub leafminer |
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INSECT PHYSIOLOGY & STRUCTURE
bugs have reproduction parts blood flow breathing gear so what? |
we need to know these parts to kill the bug
and what or how chemicals kill can do it to us too! |
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RESPIRATORY & NERVOUS SYSTEMS
bugs breathe through spiracles. where are they? |
spiracles line both sides of their bodies. the openings connect to tunnels connected to inside bug body. gets oxygen to the bug. SPRAY OIL plugs these spiracle holes. Also fumigants (gas form) enter these spiracles OR HUMAN respiratory systems and kill either species
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Todays modern insecticides esp organophosphates and carbamates kill how?
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by attacking the bugs chemicals involved in the nervous system. Bug's nervous system works like a mammals nervous sytem! So if it can screw w/ a bugs nervous system it can screw with mine too! (if dose is high enough)
So...careless handling can cause nerve poisoning |
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Complex metamorphesis adult bugs have:
head thorax abdomen 6 legs attached to thorax 1-2 prs wings pair of antennae (feelers) what about spiders, mites, ticks? |
they are ARACHNIDS
body in 2 regions cephalothorax (fused head/thorax) abdomen 4 pr legs attached to cephalothorax (head/thorax) no wings no antennae |
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bugs have varying ability seeing. those that prey capture see great (dragonflies) while other bugs just see
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shape and movement
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bug sensory structures like antennae? what do they do?
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smell! bugs smell w/ antennae!
some bugs release PHEROMONES to attract da bitches. |
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the most important part of a bug head are the mouth parts.
2 types of mouth parts in plant eating bugs. what are the 2 types for plant eaters? |
CHEWING MOUTHPARTS
a set of jaws that rip and chew. think grasshopper beetles weevils sawflies catepillars PIERCING & SUCKING mouthparts stink bugs aphids leafhoppers. |
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what kind of bug transmits disease from plant to plant?
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bugs w/ piercing mouthparts spread disease. Leafhoppers & aphids largest group of plant disease vectors. Mites have piercing mouthparts
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Therefore the type of mouthpart is important to bug control. How?
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a systemic pesticide that can be sucked up by the bug from a plant works great with piercing mouthpart bugs.
the same insecticide will NOT have any affect on insects with chewing mouthparts |
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INSECT CLASSIFICATION
You got to know your enemy. So we need to know more than what kind of mouthparts they have. what do we need to know? |
scientific name = genus & species EX homo sapiens
Scientific names are allways ITALICIZED Most problem bugs have common names! |
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bugs can be divided into about 30 major groups.
we will discuss a few plant feeding bugs & those that are beneficial in controlling plant pests. why do we need this info? |
it explains about their habitats ans biologies.
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GRASSHOPPERS & CRICKETS
simple metamorphesis chewing mouthparts adults are winged what about them? |
grasshoppers overwinter in egg pods in the soil
nympths are small in spring but grow fast and explode early to mid summer. both nymphs and adult feed by cutting pieces of leaves & stems |
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grasshoppers have numerous host food plants, ag and horticultural commodities.
Mormon crickets are wingless relatives also have severe outbreaks under ... |
good weather conditions.
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EARWIGS
simple metamorphosis chewing mouthparts winged adults whats unusual about Earwigs? |
Cerci (pincers) at tip of abdomen. Active at night
hide during the day eat decaying matter but also vegetable gardens ornamental plantings tree fruits they are sometimes predacious (capture their food) |
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THRIPS
very small bugs 1/8" or less they rasp surface of flowers stems buds leave & suck juice where are Thrips a problem? |
greenhouses
flowers ag crops |
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TRUE BUGS
simple metamorphesis piercing / sucking mouthparts winged adults w/ leathery looking area on front half of outer wings what does true bug mean? (stink bug squash bug Tarnished Plant bug) |
True bugs pests b/c they feed on plant juices from leaves stems fruits seeds.
Characteristic plant injury: mottled gray or yellow spots on foliage, deformed buds or fruit (cat-facing) loss of vitality wilting or death. |
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true bugs can tranmit disease
some true bugs are beneficial. how? |
they feed on pest insects
damsel bugs minuite bugs big eyed bug assaain bugs |
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Aphids & Pshllids
aphids & psyllids are small, soft-bodied insects < 1/8". can even reproduce w/o mating. populations may grow huge fast. Nymphs & adults feed? |
puncturing tender plant parts and sucking plant sap
typical plant injury = loss of plant vigor stunted deformed buds & flowers curled * puckered foliage Aphids & psyllids make honeydew (undigested plant sugars) w/h attacts ants w/h then makes for mold & fungus. they also transmit viral bacterial or other plant disease |
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Leafhoppers & Spittlebugs
simple metamorphesis piercing moutparts adults are winged small to medium bug 1/8-1/2" what do they eat? |
don't know but can explode in population fast.
plant injury look for: mottled discolored curled leaves stunted or wilted stems can transmit disease agents w/ cause yellows stunts curlytop. some inject toxins into plants causing a browing of leaves called hopper burn |
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Spittlebugs form small masses of spittle (spit) common on plant stems in spring and early summer. can cause real real damage but may be an aethetic problem ...
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in horticultural or landscape plantings
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SCALES & MEALYBUGS
simple metanorphosis piercing & sucking mouthparts usually wingless & sedentary Scales are small oval bugs look like ? |
bits or wax wool or plant buds
aphidlike bugs covered w/ wax |
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Mealybugs
soft bodied scales covered w/ white powder or cottonlike fibers. what does a scale look like? |
barnicles or round things
newly hatched scales are crawlers The crawler is the most destructive stage of a Scales. When they quit wandering and find a place to settle and feed, it produces a wax armorlike covering that protects it. Both Mealybugs and Scales suck plant juice. |
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Whitflies
simple metamorphosis piercing sucking mouthparts delicate powdery wings small bugs found where |
undersides of leaves
problem in greenhouses and indoor house plants you disturb a plant & whiteflies flutter around like snowflakes. they cause plant wilting |
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Moths & Butterflies
complex metamorphesis chewing mouthparts as larvae sucking mouthparts adults 2 pair large colorful wings Larvae or catepillers feed on plants by ... |
cutting or tearing leaves stems plant parts. Injury is bad. Adults don't harm plants but drink nectar. Gypsy moth tent catepillers cutworms
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BEETLES
complex metamorphesis chewing mouths adults & larvae hardened wings cover delicate ... |
underwings
Beetles are the biggest group of insects. Change from grubs or wormlike larvae to adults. Both larvae and adults eat plants but larvae do the most damage. Some beetles are beneficial feed on aphids etc |
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FLIES GNATS MIDGES
complex metamorphesis lots of various mouthparts including SPONGING one pr wings in adults what also is in this group of bugs? |
mospquitoes
house flies horse & deer flies apple maggots its the larvae that do the most damage called maggots some are good b/c they eat aphids |
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ANTS
social animals complex metamorphesis chewing mouthparts only winged ones reproduce most destructive bug AND ... |
beneficial bug too.
EXtremly difficult to control, $$$ damage but also feed on descructive insects. |
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BEES
complex metamorphesis chewing mouths tongue like structure 4 membrane wings what do bees do? |
pollinate for seed crops
considered a domesticated bug These are beneficial bugs |
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SAWFLIES
comples metamorphesis chewing mouthparts 4 membrane wings wasplike apearence what do larvae look like? |
catapillers
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PARASITIC WASPS
complex metamorphesis chewing mouths adults 4 wings whats big about this bug? |
one of the most beneficial bugs b/c they kill pests
they lay eggs inside pest larvae w/h kills them |
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INSECT RELATIVES
Spiders all spiders are toxic (used t subdue prey) what bugs are in this group? |
mites spiders ticks
some of these bugs are beneficial |
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SPIDERS
this group has 2 body parts what are they |
cephalothorax
abdomen 4 pairs of legs NO antennae mostly beneficial (eat bugs) |
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MITES
tiny sucking mouthparts what do they eat? |
they attack plants or animals
foliage buds stems fruit spider mites make webs over buds & b/t leaves Mites attack all types of ag & horticultural plants Some mites beneficial eat plant eating mites. predatory mites beneficial in orchards |
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SYMPHYLANS
live in damp organic soils where are they a problem? |
greenhouses eat plant roots
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DAMAGE CAUSED BY INSECTS
whats the most important thing concerning insect damage? |
accurate & timely dectection of insect problem
KNOW YOU HAVE A PROBLEM |
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we need to recognize 'abnormal' plants & pest damage for effective management. what 2 things are we looking for during a check?
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1) presence of pests
2) symptoms & signs of their damage |
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bugs w/ chewing mouths actually eat the whole plant or portions.
what does their damage look like? |
notched / ragged leaves
holes in fruits or seeds damage to stems Harder to catch are: weakened root systems wilted or dead plants are very difficult to interpret. symtoms of their feeding gets confused w/ other pest problems like plant disease agents. ************************** |
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we confuse symptoms like:
yellow leaves wilted leaves dead plants weakened root systems why? |
they could be from cultural practices and not bugs. any number of problems. Call coop office for help.
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CHEWING DAMAGE DEFOLIATION
usually damage is obvious from chewing mouthparts. parts of the plant are chewed away or whole leaf is gone. what is a DEFOLIATOR? |
Defoliators occur on the host plant. cutworms and earwigs feed at night and hide beneath soil or duff in day.
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what are examples of Defoliators?
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grasshoppers
beetle adults and larvae moth / butterfly larvae |
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INTERNAL FEEDERS
bugs can feed inside a plant! leaves stems seeds fruits! what kind of bug does this? |
moths
beetles maggots they mine b/t layers of a leaf bore thru bark live just under bark others bore thru large branches or small stems if untreated this can cause BIG damage |
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PLANT JUICE SUCKING PESTS
aphids leafhoppers plant bugs whiteflies scales suck juices. Large numbers of these bugs hurt a plant how? |
making the plant invest allot of energy replacing its sap.
curled leaves stunted leaves and stems wilt from blocked water conducting tissue dead areas from toxins |
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DISEASE TRANSMISSION
along w/ bugs just eating a plant what else can they do? |
move infection from one plant to another, plant pathogens
aphids & leafhoppers are big time disease vectors. aphids shit honeydew which is an excellent enviro for black sooty mold fungi & its ugly looking |
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SUBterranean FEEDERS
lots of bugs eat underground and hard to detect. eat roots. usually don't know until its too late. how can you detect this? |
dead spots in lawn
goosenecking in corn plants w/ poor color or vigor Think beetle grubs wireworms weevil larvae catepillers fly larvae |
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PLANT REACTION ot INSECT ATTACK
plants react to insect attack many ways. pine trees bleed sap meant to cover the bugs make it stop boring! some plants produce whats called GALL. what is gall? |
rounded shaped plant growths from insect attack. Galls don't hurt plant but look bad, think mites and fly larvae
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SECONDARY PLANT PESTS
you messing around can uncover yet another problem. what is this about? |
this development may follow use of pesticides or cultural practices.
2nd ary pest species, kept at low levels by natural bugs etc explode when a general purpose control method destroyed the beneficial insects |
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FACTORS INFLUENCING PEST PROBLEMS
lots of things keep pests in check. weather conditions natural enemies So what? |
we can't do anything about weather but predict pest problems and time to do something about it.
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Temps have greatest weather effect on bug activity, rate they grow, reproduce.
cold blooded animals need heat source. they respond fast to changes in soil or air temps. what is temp thresholds? |
when bugs are active b/t certain temps. 40 - 90 F.
temp controls bug development from egg to maturity more temp goes up, more the bug development. each time temp hits a threshold, the bug will do something developmently! OR a bug development will occur when the temp reaches a low warm tem. eventually the temp accumilates, insect development completes. Accumulated heat is called 'degree days' monitoring degree days offers critical data for pest mang strategy when critically timed pesticide apps are involved. DEGREE DAYS = accumulated heat |
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severe weather can reduce pest pops.
harsh winters can devastate overwintering bugs. what else can do this? |
a warm spring followed by a freeze can mess up bugs. Moisture is also a big deal with bug populations.
too little moisture in the soil or air kills too much moisture brings mold fungus kills bugs too |
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Next to weather, preditors & parasites are next influencing pests.
What are these bugs called? |
biological control organisms or agents
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Biological control organisms are callded
PREDITORS or PARASITES Usually larger than prey they eat 100s of soft bodied prey (aphids) during their lives Parasites usually smaller than prey. what are parasites called that eventually kill their hosts? |
Parasitiods
PARASITOIDS think tiny wasps that lay eggs in aphids etc. the aphids are then called MUMMIES ************************** |
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parasitic wasps are HOST SPECIFIC
only attack specific hosts the ---------what the biological control organisms feeding range, the greater the benefit. |
narrower
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Parasitoids & Predators can be reared & made to supplement naturally occuring populations.
if you rely on natural control organisms as part of a management strategy, what? |
protect and maintain these good organisms carefully.
Don't use broad sprectrum pesticides which kills everything Instead try cultural practices like: fence rows eye brow preservation support good pops of bio conrtrol organisms |
