Bstr 301 Chapter 9 Joints

Front 1

Articulation

Back 1

Any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are moveable at that interface.

Front 2

Bony joints

Back 2

An immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect a single bone

Front 3

What type of material can bony joints be fused by?

Back 3

Fibrous or cartilaginous

Front 4

Fibrous joint

Back 4

A point at which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from the matrix of one bone, cross the space between them and penetrate into the matrix of the other.

Front 5

What kind of joint is a suture and where can one be found?

Back 5

Where the fibers are very short and allow for little or not movement. Can be found in the skull

Front 6

What are some examples of fibrous joints?

Back 6

There are fibrous joints in the skull that suture the parietal bone. There is a gomphosis between the tooth and the jaw. There is a syndesmosis connecting the tibia and fibula

Front 7

The joints between each vertebrae are _______ in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar region

Back 7

Cartilaginous

Front 8

Do the cartilaginous joints in the vertebral column allow for much movement?

Back 8

It permits only slight movement between adjacent vertebrae, but the collective effort gives the spine considerable flexibility.

Front 9

Where else can you find a cartilagenous joint other than the vertebral column?

Back 9

The temporary joint between the epiphysis and diaphysis in the long bone of a child where growth occurs

Front 10

What type of joint is the midline of the mandible?

Back 10

Bony joint, and does not have any movement

Front 11

Articular cartilage: Where in the joint and what type of joint is this found in?

Back 11

It is found in synovial joints, the facing surface of the two bones are covered with this.

Front 12

What is the narrow space that separates the articular bones called and what is it filled with?

Back 12

It is the joint cavity and it is filled with a slippery lubricant called synovial fluid.

Front 13

What is the joint capsule?

Back 13

It is the connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid. It contains the outer fibrous capsule and an inner cellular synovial membrane

Front 14

Synovial membrane

Back 14

Composed of fibroblast-like cells that secrete the fluid, and is populated by macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity

Front 15

Tendon

Back 15

A strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attached a muscle to a bone

Front 16

Ligament

Back 16

Attached a bone to bone

Front 17

Meniscus

Back 17

In the knee two cartilage extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint. These cartilages absorb shock and pressure, guide the bones across each other, improve the fit between the bones, and stabilize the joint, reducing the chance of dislocation

Front 18

Bursa

Back 18

A fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone. They cushion muscle, help tendons slide of the joints and enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls

Front 19

Where is a bursa commonly found?

Back 19

In the hand and wrist

Front 20

Tendon sheaths

Back 20

Elongated cylinders wrapped around a tendon, for protecting and sliding. Common in the foot and hand

Front 21

bursitis

Back 21

Inflammation of the bursa, usually due to overextension of a joint

Front 22

Tendinitis

Back 22

A form of bursitis in which the tendon sheath is inflammed

Front 23

How does warm-up before vigorous exercise protect the articular cartilage from wear and tear?

Back 23

When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise it becomes thinner and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. The cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion against compression

Front 24

Perichondrium

Back 24

The area surrounding the cartilage that contains whchondroblasts which make cartilage

Front 25

How is new cartilage brought in the inside?

Back 25

It has to diffuse across since there are no blood vessels

Front 26

Osteoarthritis

Back 26

Is common wear and tear of articular cartilage. In the later stages it can produce osteophytes (outgrowth of bone) and swollen joints

Front 27

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 27

Abnormal. Autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack the joint tissue particularly the synovial membrane. There is extremem edema that results and deformity.

Front 28

bursitis

Back 28

Inflammation of the bursa, usually due to overextension of a joint

Front 29

Tendinitis

Back 29

A form of bursitis in which the tendon sheath is inflammed

Front 30

How does warm-up before vigorous exercise protect the articular cartilage from wear and tear?

Back 30

When synovial fluid is warmed by exercise it becomes thinner and more easily absorbed by the articular cartilage. The cartilage then swells and provides a more effective cushion against compression

Front 31

Perichondrium

Back 31

The area surrounding the cartilage that contains whchondroblasts which make cartilage

Front 32

How is new cartilage brought in the inside?

Back 32

It has to diffuse across since there are no blood vessels

Front 33

Osteoarthritis

Back 33

Is common wear and tear of articular cartilage. In the later stages it can produce osteophytes (outgrowth of bone) and swollen joints

Front 34

Rheumatoid arthritis

Back 34

Abnormal. Autoimmune disorder where antibodies attack the joint tissue particularly the synovial membrane. There is extremem edema that results and deformity.

Front 35

How are the synovial joints stabilized?

Back 35

1. Bone articulation, 2. Joint capsule (mostly fibrous), 3. Extracapsular ligaments, 4. Muscles, 5. Intracapsular ligaments

Front 36

How does the stabilization of the knee differ from the other joints?

Back 36

Bone articulation does not work to stabilize it

Front 37

Madibular fossa

Back 37

Where the condylar process (mandible) fits into the skull

Front 38

Articular discs

Back 38

Divide the joint capsule into superior and inferior chambers. It provides another piece of joint

Front 39

What does the lateral ligament of the TMJ do?

Back 39

It prevents posterior displacement of the mandible

Front 40

What happens when the TMJ is dislocated?

Back 40

A deep yawn or other strenuous depression of the mandible can dislocate the TMJ by making the condyle pop out of the fossa and slip forward

Front 41

What direction does the mandibular condyle dislocate?

Back 41

Anteriorly

Front 42

What is a cause of TMJ syndrome?

Back 42

Caused by a combination of psychological tension and misalignment of the teeth

Front 43

What are some symptoms of TMJ?

Back 43

It can cause facial pain, clicking sounds in the jaw, limitation of jaw movement, headache, vertigo, ringing of the ears, and pain

Front 44

What does the syndrome of TMJ syndrome emphasize?

Back 44

Groups of signs (objective) and symptoms (subjective) that occur together and characterize a particular disease.

Front 45

Glenohumeral joint

Back 45

The shoulder joint

Front 46

Glenoid labrum

Back 46

The ring of fibrocartilage around the joint cavity of the glenohumeral joint

Front 47

Flexion

Back 47

A movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane

Front 48

Extension

Back 48

A movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to zero position

Front 49

Hyperextension

Back 49

Extreme extension of the joint beyond the zero position

Front 50

Hyperextension of the upper or lower limb is what?

Back 50

To move the limb to a position behind the frontal plane of the trunk, as in reach around with your arm to scratch your back, or a back swing of the lower limb hyperextends the hip.

Front 51

Abduction

Back 51

The movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

Front 52

Adduction

Back 52

Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

Front 53

Elevation

Back 53

A movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane. In the mandible this is when you lift the jaw back up

Front 54

Depression

Back 54

Lowers a body part in the same plane. In the mandible this is opening the jaw

Front 55

What is the shoulder joint called?

Back 55

The glenohumeral joint

Front 56

What are the articulating bones in the glenohumeral joint?

Back 56

The humerus and the scapula

Front 57

What type of joint is the glenohumeral joint?

Back 57

Ball and socket

Front 58

When does the glenohumeral joint have so much movement?

Back 58

The shallowness of the glenoid cavity and looseness of the joint capsules sacrifice joint stability

Front 59

What does the glenoid labrum do?

Back 59

A ring of fibrocartilage around the margin of the glenoid cavity which helps to deepen the socket

Front 60

Where and what does the subdeltoid bursa do?

Back 60

It is below the deltoid muscle helps to protect the bone

Front 61

Acromioclavicular joint

Back 61

connectds the acromion to the clavicle

Front 62

Coracoid process

Back 62

The bone that you can feel by palpating under your clavicle

Front 63

What is contained in the joint capsule of the glenohumeral joint?

Back 63

The glenoid labrum and synovial membrane

Front 64

Where does the tendon of the bicep brachii connect?

Back 64

From the humerus to the top of the glenoid cavity. This is the most important stabilizer of the shoulder

Front 65

Rotator cuff muscles

Back 65

Help to stabilize the shoulder and are located on the posterior and anterior surface of the shoulder

Front 66

Where is the majority of the glenoid labrum located?

Back 66

On the anterior side of the glenoid cavity, and it makes the posterior side weaker

Front 67

What position would one be in to dislocate their shoulder?

Back 67

When they abduct, laterally rotate, and extend. With a blow to the shoulder

Front 68

Subluxation

Back 68

When the humerus pops out and can pop back in on its own

Front 69

What is shoulder separation?

Back 69

When you fall with your arm straight out and the blow separated the acromioclavicular joint

Front 70

What is the knee joint called?

Back 70

The tibiofemoral joint

Front 71

What are the articulating bones in the tibiofemoral joint?

Back 71

The tibia and the femur

Front 72

What movements can be done by the knee joint?

Back 72

Flex, extend, rotation when flexed, locking when fully extended

Front 73

Since the joint capsule in the knee only encloses the lateral and posterior side of the knee joint, what is anterior side covered by?

Back 73

Patellar ligament

Front 74

What does the patellar ligament stem from?

Back 74

The quadriceps muscle

Front 75

What do the meniscus do for the knee?

Back 75

They are fibrocartilage pads that prevent side to side rocking

Front 76

Where is the patellar surface located?

Back 76

Between the medial and lateral condyles

Front 77

How can you differentiate the lateral meniscus from the medial meniscus?

Back 77

The lateral meniscus is on the same side as the fibula

Front 78

What are the names of the extra-capsular ligaments in the knee?

Back 78

The lateral (fibular) collateral ligament and medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Front 79

What are the names of the intracapsular ligaments in the knee?

Back 79

Anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament

Front 80

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament attach?

Back 80

The anterior side of the tibia

Front 81

Where does the posterior cruciate ligament attach?

Back 81

The posterior side of the tibia

Front 82

In what position does the ACL help stabilize the knee and what does it prevent the knee from doing?

Back 82

In a fully extended position it prevents it from hyperextending. Prevents the femur from moving posteriorly and the tibia from moving anteriorly

Front 83

In what position does the PCL help stabilize the knee and what does it prevent it from doing?

Back 83

When the knee is flexed it prevents anterior displacement of the femur or posterior displacement of the tibia

Front 84

How can deviations of the tibia from the midline cause knee problems?

Back 84

There is unequal weight distribution and unequal wear and tear of articular cartilage

Front 85

What is chondromalacia and what is it caused by?

Back 85

This is runners knee which causes breakdown of the articular cartilage which causes the patellar to shift laterally

Front 86

What is the ankle joint called?

Back 86

Talocrural joint

Front 87

What bones are articulating in the talocrural joint?

Back 87

The tibia and fibula articulate with the talus

Front 88

What type of joint is the talocrural joint?

Back 88

Hinge joint

Front 89

Where is the prepatellar located?

Back 89

It is superficial to the quad tendon

Front 90

Why do ligaments, tendons, cartilage, and menisci take so long to heal?

Back 90

Ligaments and tendons have a very limited blood supply and cartilage usually have no blood vessels at all.

Front 91

Is eversion of the foot abduction or adduction?

Back 91

Abduction

Front 92

What does it look like when someone is walking with eversion?

Back 92

They are walking on the inside of their feet

Front 93

Is inversion abduction or adduction?

Back 93

Adduction

Front 94

What does someone look like when they are walking with inversion?

Back 94

They walk on the outside of their feet

Front 95

Pronation of the foot looks like what?

Back 95

It is eversion, walking on the inside of the foot

Front 96

What does supination of the foot look like?

Back 96

It is inversion, walking on the outside of the foot

Front 97

What is plantar flexion?

Back 97

Movement of the ankle to point toes or stand on tip of toes

Front 98

What is dorsal flexion?

Back 98

Movement of the ankle to bring toes up

Front 99

What do the medial ligaments of the talocrural joint protect against?

Back 99

Protect against eversion of the ankle

Front 100

What do the lateral collateral ligaments of the talocrural joint protect against?

Back 100

Inversion of the ankle

Front 101

What does the retinaculum of the foot do?

Back 101

Holds the tendons that move the foot in place

Front 102

What does the calcaneal (achilles) tendon attach?

Back 102

The calf muscle to the heel

Front 103

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

Back 103

A hinge joint

Front 104

What are the names for the elbow joint and what articulations do they make?

Back 104

Humeroulnar joint (humerus and ulna) and humeroradial joint (humerus and radius)

Front 105

What is the hip joint called?

Back 105

coxal joint

Front 106

what bones articulate in the coxal joint?

Back 106

The head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone