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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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rostral
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toward the nose or forehead and higher
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Caudal
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toward the tail or spinal cord and lower
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cerebrum
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constitutes most of the brains volume and consists of a pair of half globes called the cerebral hemispheres
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Cerebellum
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lies inferior to the cerebrum and occupies the posterior cranial fossa. It constitutes only about 10% of the brain volume but contains over 50% of the neurons
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Brainstem
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its major components from rostral to caudal are the diencephalon (thalamus and hypothalamus), midbrain, pons and medulla oblangata
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How is the dura matter unique in the cranial cavity?
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It consists of two layers, an outer periosteal layer and an inner meningeal layer
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Which layer of the cranial dural cavity continues into the vertebral canal?
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The inner meningeal layer
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What is meningitis
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inflammation of the meninges
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What causes meningitis?
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By a variety of bacteria and viruses that invade the CNS by way of the nose and throat, often following respiratory, throat, or ear infections.
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How can meningitis lead to brain damage?
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In bacterial meningitis the brain swells, the ventricles enlarge, and the brainstem may exhibit hemorrhages.
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Are you at a high risk for getting meningitis?
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Yes, because people living in close quarters catch it more easily
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How do you diagnose meningitis?
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By examining CSF for bacteria and white blood cells
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Where is the CSF in the brain located?
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In the subarachnoid space
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What is the function of CSF?
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Buoyancy- allows the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight.
Protection- from striking the cranium when the head is jolted. Chemical stability- The flow of CSF rinses metabolic waste from the nervous tissue and homeostatic-ally regulates the chemical environment |
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Where is the CSF produced?
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In the choroid plexus
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choroid plexus where is it located?
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They are located in each ventricle. Ependymeal cells, a type of neuroglia cover each coroid plexus
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Where is the CSF first secreted?
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In the choroid in the lateral ventricles
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where does the CSF go after it circulates around the ventricles and subarachnoid space?
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It passes into the sinuses
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how does CSF get from the subarachnoid space to the dural sinuses?
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CSF is absorbed from the subarachnoid space by the arachnoid villi which are extensions that protrude through the dura matter into the superior sagittal sinus of the brain. CSF penetrates the walls of the arachnoid villi and mixes with the blood in the sinus
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Hydrocephalus occurs when
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The flow of CSF is blocked and it builds up in the ventricles or subarachnoid space and can cause brain damage
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Where are the dural sinuses located?
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between the periosteal and meningeal layers of the dura matter
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What two brain fluids drain into the sinuses?
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dirty CSF and venous blood
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epidural hematoma
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rupture of blood vessels above the dura matter that start collecting blood. These ones are normally arterial blood and they bleed a lot
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Subdural hematoma
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occurs below the dura matter and is usually venous at cerebral vein- spinal junction. Caused by a blow to the head which jerks the brain. common in elderly because their brain starts to shrink so there is more room for it to move around
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Subarachnoid hematoma
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Below the arachnoid matter, usually arterial. Mostly due to aneurysms and most are due to trauma
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What is a brain herniation and why is it so detrimental?
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When a lot of blood accumulates from an epidural hematoma the uncal portion of the brain can be pushed down onto the brainstem which can affect motor tracts heading down and affects 3rd cranial nerve which causes the pupils to remain dilated.
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What are the symptoms of a brain herniation?
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dilated pupil, droopy eyelid, muscle weakness, loss of consciousness, seizures, headaches, disorientation, nausea or vomiting, muscle weakness
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Thalamus
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Relay station for sensory input to the cortex, like the mailroom that sorts mail
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midbrain
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Contains a channel that connects the third ventricle to the fourth. Origin of the cranial nerves concerned with eye movement
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pons
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contain tracts and white matter
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medulla oblangata
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controls respiration, heart rate and blood pressure
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hypothalamus
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controls ANS and endocrine system
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cerebellum
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coordinates joint movement, eye- motor movements, aids in planning, learning and storing motor movements, maintains muscle tone and posture, adjusts muscle performance during movement
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relationship of the cerebellum to other parts of the brain
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posterior to the fourth ventricle
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How is the cerebellum connected to the brain?
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cerebellar peduncles connect it to the medulla oblangata, pons and mid brain
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what does the cerebellum receive input from?
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The motor cortex, muscles and tendons, eyes and vestibular system (where your body is in space)
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Where does output for the cerebellum go?
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To the motor cortex (to make adjustments) and directly to the lower motor neurons
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What are signs of cerebellar damage?
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They have clumsy or awkward gait, difficulty initiating movements, over or undershoot targets, problems with coordination
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Why do people whose blood alcohol level is high behave as though they have cerebellar damage?
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When your are drunk the fluid in your vestibular cells becomes thinner, so it moves faster. So if you close your eyes your vestibular cells make it hard to balance because sight isnt there
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longitudinal fissure
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separated the two cerebral hemispheres
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corpus callosum
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fiber tract that connects the two cerebral fissures
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gyrus
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the wrinkles or folds in the cerebrum
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sulcus
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grooves the in cerebrum that separate the gyrus
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What is the function of white matter in the cerebrum?
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It is composed of myelinated fibers that connect different parts of the brain to each other and the brain to the spinal cord
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Association tracts
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connect different regions of the same hemisphere
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Projection tracts
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extend vertically between higher and lower brain or spinal cord centers and carry information between the cerebrum and the rest of the body
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What is an example of a projection tract
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corticospinal tract (carries motor signals from the cerebrum to the brainstem and spinal cord) and the spinothalamic tract
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commissural tract
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cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other through bridges called commissures. like the corpus callosum
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Frontal lobe- location and function
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lies immediately behind the frontal bone, superior to the orbits. From the forehead it extends caudally to a wavy vertical groove, the central sulcus. It is concerned with cognition and higher mental processing, and motor control
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Parietal lobe- location and function
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forms the upper most part of the brain and underlies the parietal bone, it starts at the central sulcus and extends caudally to the parieto-occipital sulcus. It is the primary site for receiving and interpreting general sensory information as well as taste
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occipital lobe- location and function
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at the rear end of the head, caudal to the parieto-occipital and underlying the occipital bone. It is the visual center of the brain
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temporal lobe
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a lateral, horizontal lobe deep to the temporal bone, separated from the parietal lobe by the lateral sulcus. Functions are hearing, smelling, learning, memory, and emotions
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insula
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mass of cortex deep the the lateral sulcus. Plays a role in taste, hearing, and visceral information
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precentral gyrus
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primary motor area. Cell bodies from UMN sit in here, and damage to this would lead to spastic paralysis
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postcentral gyrus
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primary somatosensory area
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primary areas
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Where information comes into from the sense organs or brainstem
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association area
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where you process the information
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the precentral gyrus is associated with what tract?
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the corticospinal tract
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the postcentral gyrus is associated with what tract?
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the spinothalamic tract
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why are some areas on the sensory and motor homunculus larger than others?
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the body parts are proportional to the cortical area
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What are the effects of a tumor in the association motor cortex?
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It would cause paralysis
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Are the cells of the motor cortex upper or lower motor neurons?
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upper motor neurons
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Will damage to the primary motor cortex be flaccid or spastic paralysis?
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spastic
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basal nuclei
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masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus. They are involved in motor control, in particular, planning and execution of motor movements
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What are the basal nuclei connected to?
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the thalamus and motor association area
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What is the basic pathway for the Basal nuclei?
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receive information from the motor cortex, they process this information and sends the signal to the thalamus, which relays the signal back to the motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
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Huntingtons disease
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A genetic disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia causing increased output from the motor cortex or hyperkinetic (uncontrolled or erratic movements)
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Parkinsons disease
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A degenerative disease in which the basal nuclei produce less dopamine (neurotransmitter). This causes parts of the BN to degenerate and ultimately results in decreased stimulation of the motor cortex. Hypokinetic disease (less movement). Tremores (hyperactivity) are a common sign of PD but they are complex and not completely understood
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limbic system
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a ring of structure encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus. It is important center of emotion and learning. Visceral responses to sensory input and short term memory into long term memories
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What are the parts of the limbic system?
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hippocampus, amygdala, tracts, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and forebrain
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amygdala
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emotions
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hippocampus
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memory
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amygdala
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creates emotional memories (fear of being stung when a bee lands on skin) and is connected to the hypothalamus where we respond to these memories (more on the sympathetic nervous system and visceral responses)
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hippocampus
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critical to the creation of long term memory, but it does not store memories. It organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long term memory. Long term memories are stored in various areas of the cerebral cortex
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What part of the brain atrophies in someone with Alzheimers disease?
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some of the gyri of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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What type of memory loss do Alzheimers patients suffer from?
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short term, when one piece of information comes in the previous one is lost
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the precentral gyrus is associated with what tract?
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the corticospinal tract
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the postcentral gyrus is associated with what tract?
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the spinothalamic tract
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why are some areas on the sensory and motor homunculus larger than others?
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the body parts are proportional to the cortical area
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What are the effects of a tumor in the association motor cortex?
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It would cause paralysis
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Are the cells of the motor cortex upper or lower motor neurons?
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upper motor neurons
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Will damage to the primary motor cortex be flaccid or spastic paralysis?
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spastic
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basal nuclei
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masses of cerebral gray matter buried deep in the white matter, lateral to the thalamus. They are involved in motor control, in particular, planning and execution of motor movements
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What are the basal nuclei connected to?
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the thalamus and motor association area
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What is the basic pathway for the Basal nuclei?
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receive information from the motor cortex, they process this information and sends the signal to the thalamus, which relays the signal back to the motor cortex (precentral gyrus)
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Huntingtons disease
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A genetic disease resulting in degeneration of the basal ganglia causing increased output from the motor cortex or hyperkinetic (uncontrolled or erratic movements)
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Parkinsons disease
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A degenerative disease in which the basal nuclei produce less dopamine (neurotransmitter). This causes parts of the BN to degenerate and ultimately results in decreased stimulation of the motor cortex. Hypokinetic disease (less movement). Tremores (hyperactivity) are a common sign of PD but they are complex and not completely understood
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limbic system
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a ring of structure encircling the corpus callosum and thalamus. It is important center of emotion and learning. Visceral responses to sensory input and short term memory into long term memories
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What are the parts of the limbic system?
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hippocampus, amygdala, tracts, cingulate gyrus, thalamus, hypothalamus, and forebrain
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amygdala
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emotions
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hippocampus
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memory
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amygdala
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creates emotional memories (fear of being stung when a bee lands on skin) and is connected to the hypothalamus where we respond to these memories (more on the sympathetic nervous system and visceral responses)
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hippocampus
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critical to the creation of long term memory, but it does not store memories. It organizes sensory and cognitive experiences into a unified long term memory. Long term memories are stored in various areas of the cerebral cortex
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What part of the brain atrophies in someone with Alzheimers disease?
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some of the gyri of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus
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What type of memory loss do Alzheimers patients suffer from?
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short term, when one piece of information comes in the previous one is lost
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Olfactory
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I, smell
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optic
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II, vision
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Oculomotor
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III, eye movements
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trochlear
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IV, eye movements
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trigeminal
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V, sensory from face and mouth, chewing
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abducens
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VI, eye movements
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facial
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VII, facial expression, taste
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vestibulocochlear
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VIII, hearing and equilibrium
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glossopharyngeal
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IX, taste and swallowing
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Vagus
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X, ANS of trunk
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Accessory
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XI, head and neck muscles
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Hypoglossal
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XII, tongue movements
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Are cranial nerves peripheral of central nerves?
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peripheral nerves that arise from the brain and upper spinal cord
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What type of nerves make up cranial nerves? (sensory, motor, or mixed?)
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Can be sensory, motor, or mixed
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