Bsi 2 Exam 1

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Activated macrophages

Back 1

macrophages whose killing ability has been enhanced by cytokines, particularly IL-2 and interferon-gamma

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Antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Back 2

cells that present antigen, complexed with MHC proteins, on their surface to T cells.

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B cells

Back 3

lymphocytes that, upon activation, proliferate and differentiate into antibody-secreting plasma cells; provide major defense against bacteria, viruses in the ECF, and toxins; and can f(x) as APC to helper T cells

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cytotoxic T cells

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the class of T lymphocytes that, upon activation by specific antigen, directly attack the cells bearing that type of antigen; are major killers of virus-infected cells and cancer cells; and bind antigen associated with class 1 MHC proteins.

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eosinophils

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leukocytes involved in destruction of parasites and in immediate hypersensitivity responses

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helper T cells

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the class of T cells that, via secreted cytokines, play a stimulatory role in the activation of B cells and cytotoxic T cells; also can activate NK cells and macrophages; and bind antigen associated with class II MHC proteins

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lymphocytes

Back 7

the type of leukocyte responsible for specific immune defenses; categorized mainly as B cells, T cells, and NK cells

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macrophages

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cell type that 1) functions as a phagocyte, 2) processes and presents antigen to helper T cells, and 3) secretes cytokines involved in inflammation, activation of lymphocytes, and the systemic acute phase response to infection or injury

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macrophage-like cells

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several cell types that exert functions similar to those of macrophages

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mast cells

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tissue cells that bind IgE and release inflammatory mediators in response to parasites and immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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memory cells

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B cells and cytotoxic T cells that differentiate during an initial immune response and respond rapidly during a subsequent exposure to the same antigen

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monocytes

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a type of leukocyte; leaves the bloodstream and is transformed into a macrophage; has functions similar to those of macrophages

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Natural Killer (NK) cells

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class of lymphocytes that bind to cells bearing foreign antigens without specific recognition and kill then directly; major targets are virus-infected cells and cancer cells; participate in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC).

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neutrophils

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leukocytes that function as phagocytes and also release chemicals involved in inflammation

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plasma cells

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cells that differentiate from activated B lymphocytes and secrete antibodies

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T cells

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lymphocytes derived from precursors that differentiated in the thymus; see cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells

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acute phase proteins

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group of proteins secreted by the liver during systemic response to injury or infection; stimulus for their secretion is IL-1, IL-6, and other cytokines

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antibodies

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immunoglobulins secreted by plasma cells; combine with the type of antigen that stimulated their production and directs an attack against the antigen or a cell bearing it

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C1

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the first protein in the classical complement pathway

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chemoattractants

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a general name given to any chemical mediator that stimulates chemotaxis of neutrophils or other leukocytes

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chemokines

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any cytokine that functions as a chemoattractant

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chemotaxin

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a synonym for chemoattractant

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complement

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a group of plasma proteins that, upon activation, kill microbes directly and facilitate the various steps of the inflammatory process, including phagocytosis; the classical complement pathway is triggered by antigen-antibody complexes, whereas the alternate pathway can operate independently of antibody

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C-reactive protein

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one of several proteins that function as nonspecific opsonins; production by the liver is increased during the acute phase response

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cytokines

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general term for protein messengers that regulate immune responses; secreted by macrophages, monocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and several nonimmune cell types; function both locally and as hormones

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eicosanoids

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general term for products of arachidonic acid metabolism (prostaglandins, thromboxanes, leukotrienes); function as important inflammatory mediators

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histamine

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an inflammatory mediator secreted mainly by mast cells; acts on microcirculation to cause vasodilation and increased permeability to protein

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IgA

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the class of antibodies secreted by the lining of the body's various "tracts."

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IgD

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a class of antibodies whose function is unknown

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IgE

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the class of antibodies that mediate immediate hypersensitivity and resistance to parasites

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IgG

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the most abundant class of plasma antibodies

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IgM

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a class of antibodies that is produced first in all immune responses. Along with IgG, it provides the bulk of specific humoral immunity against bacteria and viruses

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Immunoglobulin (Ig)

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proteins that function as B-cell receptors and antibodies; the five major classes are IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM

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Interferon (interferon-gamma)

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group of cytokines that nonspecifically inhibits viral replication; interferon-gamma also stimulates the killing ability of cells and macrophages

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Interleukin 1 (IL-1)

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cytokine secreted by macrophages (and other cells) that activates helper T cells, exerts many inflammatory effects and mediates many of the systemic acute phase responses, including fever

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2)

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cytokine secreted by activated helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, and NK cells to proliferate and causes activation of macrophages

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Interleukin 6 (IL-6)

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cytokine secreted by macrophages (and other cells) that exerts multiple effects on immune system cells, inflammation, and the acute phase response

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kinins

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peptides that split from kininogens in inflamed areas and facilitate the vascular changes associated with inflammation; they activate neuronal pain receptors

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leukotrienes

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a class of eicosanoids that are generated by the lipoxygenase pathway and function as inflammatory mediators

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membrane attack complex (MAC)

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group of complement proteins that form channels in the surface of a microbe, making it leaky and killing it

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natural antibodies

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antibodies to the erythrocyte antigens (of the A or B type)

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opsonin

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general name given to any chemical mediator that promotes phagocytosis

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perforin

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protein secreted by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells that forms channels in the plasma membrane of the target cell, making it leaky and killing it; its structure and function are similar to that of the MAC in the complement system.

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tumor necrosis factor (TNF)

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cytokine secreted by macrophages (and other cells) that has many of the same actions as IL-1

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Interleukin-1 (alpha and beta)

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wide variety of biologic effects; activates endothelium and lymphocytes; induces fever and acute phase response; stimulates neutrophil production

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interleukin-2

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growth factor for activated T cells; induces synthesis of other cytokines, activates cytotoxic T lymphocytes and NK cells

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interleukin-3

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growth factor for progenitor hematopoietic cells

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interleukin-4

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promotes growth and survival of T, B, and mast cells; causes; causes TH2 cell differentiation; activates B cells and eosinophils and induces IgE-type responses

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interleukin-5

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induces eosinophil growth and differentiation; induces IgA production in B cells

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interleukin-6

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stimulates the liver to produce acute-phase response; induces proliferation of antibody-producing cells

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interleukin-7

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stimulates pre-B cells and thymocyte development and proliferation

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interleukin-8

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chemoattracts neutrophils and T lymphocytes; regulates lymphocyte homing and neutrophil infiltration

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interleukin-10

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decreases inflammation by inhibiting TH1 cells and release of IL-12 from macrophages

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interleukin-12

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induces TH1 cell differentiation and IFN-gamma synthesis by T and NK cells. enhances NK cytotoxicity

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Interferon-gamma

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activates macrophages; increases expression of class I and II and MHC antigen processing and presentation

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Interferon (type I-alpha and -beta)

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exerts antiviral activity in body cells; induces class 1 antigen expression; activates NK cells

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TNF (alpha)

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induces inflammation, fever, and acute-phase response; activates neutrophils and endothelial cells; kills cells through apoptosis

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Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs)

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promotes neutrophil, eosinophil, and macrophage maturation and growth; activates mature granulocytes; promotes growth and maturation of monocytes

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Granulocyte-macrophage CSF

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promotes growth and maturation of neutrophils

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Macrophage CSF

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promotes growth and maturation of monocytes

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Platelet-activating factor (PAF)

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derived from phospholipid by PLA2, giving rise to lyso-PAF, which is acetylated to give PAF.

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Innate WBCs

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neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, monocytes, macrophages (& -like cells), and mast cells

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Production of Innate WBCs

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PHSC --> CFU-S --> GFU-GM --> granulocytes

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Colony-stimulating factors

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Source: macrophages
Target: bone marrow
F(x): stimulate proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes

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chemokines

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Source: damaged cells, including endothelial cells
Target: neutrophils and other leukocytes
F(x): facilitate accumulation of leukocytes at sites of injury & inflammation

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Interferon-gamma

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Source: NK cells and activated helper T cells
Target: NK cells and macrophages
F(x): stimulate proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic compounds

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Interleukin 1, TNF, IL-6

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Source: antigen-presenting cells (macrophages)
Target: helper T cells; certain brain cells; numerous systemic cells
F(x): stimulate IL-2 secretion & IL-2 receptor expression; induce fever; stimulate systemic responses to inflammation, infection, and injury

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Interleukin 2 (IL-2)

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Source: most immune cells
Target: helper T cells; cytotoxic T cells, NK cells, B cells
F(x): stimulate proliferation; promote conversion to plasma cells

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Inflammation

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1. Entry of bacteria into tissue; injury to tissues causes release of chemicals to initiate the following events.
2. Vasodilation of the microcirculation in the infected area, leading to increased blood flow.
3. large increase in protein permeability of the capillaries and venules in the infected area, with resulting diffusion of protein and filtration of fluid into the interstitial fluid.
4. Chemotaxis: movement of leukocytes from the venules into the interstitial fluid of the infected area
5. Destruction of bacteria in the tissue either through phagocytosis or by other mechanisms
6. Tissue repair

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Inflammation mediators

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1. kinins - Generated from enzymatic action on plasma proteins
2. complement - from enz. action on plasma proteins
3. Products of blood clotting - from enz. action on plasma proteins
4. histamine - secreted by mast cells and injured cells
5. eicosanoids - secreted by many cell types
6. PAF - secreted by many cell types
7. cytokines - secreted by injured cells, monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and several nonimmune cell types, including endothelial cells and fibroblasts
8. lysosomal enzymes, NO, and other oxygen-derived substances - secreted by injured cells, neutrophils, and macrophages

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Margination and Diapedesis

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WBC "rolls" thru bloodstream, integrin activation (high-affinity state) by chemokines, stable adhesion, then migration thru endothelium

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Leukopenia

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condition where bone marrow produces lowered amounts of WBCs leading to infections after 2 days and death in a week

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Leukemia

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condition with uncontrolled/cancerous production of WBCs. myelogenous originates in bone marrow then metastasizes. lymphocytic originates in lymphoid tissue before spreading