Bsf Block 2: Autonomic Nervous System 1 (Nissanov)

Front 1

What are the two homeostatic regulation processes in the body and under what time frame do they operate?

Back 1

1. Humoral (endocrine) - slower, longer lasting
2. Autonomic system - rapid reaction to ACUTE changes

Front 2

The autonomic nervous system is divided into what 3 primary subdivisions?

Back 2

1. Sympathetic
2. Parasympathetic
3. Enteric

Front 3

The effects of the sympathetic stimulation are ____________, preparing the body for "fight or flight."

Back 3

catabolic

Front 4

The effects of the parasympathetic stimulation are ______________, promoting normal function and conserving energy.

Back 4

anabolic

Front 5

Somatic motor neurons are localized to the ________ while axons are found in the __________.

Back 5

-central nervous system
-peripheral nervous system

Front 6

Unlike the somatic nervous system, the autonomic nervous system has a preganglionic neuron in the CNS that projects an axon to the PNS, where it synapses onto a ___________. The axon of this second neuron synapses with a ____________ (cell that has motor or secretory function).

Back 6

-postganglionic neuron
-effector cell

Front 7

The brainstem, the area of the brain from which the spinal cord extends, consists of what 3 parts?

Back 7

1. medulla oblongata
2. pons
3. midbrain

Front 8

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system located?

Back 8

brainstem and S1 to S4 (craniosacral)

Front 9

Where are the preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system located?

Back 9

T1 - L2 (thoracolumbar)

Front 10

Where are sympathetic postganglionic cells located?

Back 10

paravertebral ganglia (a chain of ganlia adjacent to the spinal cord) or prevertebral ganglia located ventral of the cord

Front 11

Where are parasympathetic postganglionic cells located?

Back 11

are either in discrete ganglia in the head or in microscopic plexus near target tissue

Front 12

Sympathetic preganglionic axons are typically (longer/shorter) than postganglionic.

Back 12

shorter

Front 13

Parasympathetic preganglionic axon typically (longer/shorter) than postganglionic.

Back 13

longer

Front 14

Sympathetic axons are distributed to all ____________ portions of the body.

Back 14

vascularized

Front 15

Parasympathetic axons are found where in the body?

Back 15

Only found in the head, neck, body cavities and the erectile tissues of genitalia (never found in the body wall and limbs)

Front 16

Neurotransmitters: The preganglionic neurons of the _____________ division(s) are cholinergic (they use acetylcholine).

Back 16

sympathetic AND parasympathetic

Front 17

Neurotransmitters: Most sympathetic postganglionic neurons are ____________, but not all.

Back 17

adrenergic (i.e. they use norepinepherine=noradrenalin)

Front 18

Neurotransmitters: Sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate sweat glands and blood vessels are ____________.

Back 18

cholinergic (remember, most other sympathetic postganglionic neurons are adrenergic!)

Front 19

Neurotransmitters: Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons are ____________.

Back 19

cholinergic

Front 20

Neurotransmitters: What are the 2 postsynaptic receptors of acetylcholine (Note: Ach is secreted from cholinergic preganglionic and postganglionic neurons)?

Back 20

1. muscarinic (metabotropic)
2. nicotinic (ionotropic)

Front 21

What are the 2 postsynaptic receptors for norepinephrine? (Note: norepinephrine is secreted from most adrenergic postganglionic sympathetic neurons).

Back 21

1. α-adrenergic receptor (g-protein coupled receptor)
2. β-adrenergic receptor (g-protein coupled receptor)

Front 22

Spinal cord gray matter is divided into how many regions? What are these regions called?

Back 22

10 regions, rexed lamina

Front 23

Sympathetic preganglionic cells of the spinal cord (T1 to L2) arise from what region of gray matter?

Back 23

interomediolateral cell column (rexed lamina VII)

Front 24

Ganglia: which sympathetic ganglia supplies the thoracic cavity/body wall and lies just lateral to the vertebral column?

Back 24

the sympathetic chain (trunk, paravertebral ganglia)

Front 25

Ganglia: which sympathetic ganglia supplies abdominal/pelvic viscera and lies anterior to the vertebrae? These are associated with and named for the abdominal aorta larger branches (celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia)

Back 25

prevertebral ganglia

Front 26

An axon first enters the sympathetic paravertebral chain via the _______________.

Back 26

white ramus

Front 27

Once an axon enters the sympathetic paravertebral chain via the white ramus, what 3 things (or combination of these things) can it do?

Back 27

1. synapse at the paravertebral ganglia at that level
2. ascend or descend the trunk to connect on postganglionic neurons that innervate other targets
3. pass through the trunk as a preganglionic axon in splanchnic nerves (does not synapse in trunk) to instead connect to prevertebral ganglia (celiac, aorticorenal, superior mesenteric, and inferior mesenteric ganglia)

Front 28

Are there more postganglionic or preganglionic cells?

Back 28

100 fold greater # of postganglionic versus preganglionic cells

Front 29

Each postganglionic cells also receives input from many preganglionic cells. This allows the system to exhibit considerable _____________.

Back 29

convergence

Front 30

The sympathetic postganglionic axon is (myelinated/unmyelinated).

Back 30

unmyelinated

Front 31

The sympathetic postganglionic axon exits the sympathetic trunk through what 3 ways?

Back 31

1. gray ramus
2. via a nerve (e.g cardiac nerve in cervical ganglia and 1st thoracic ganglia)
3. exit from prevertebral ganglion directly.

Front 32

The head and upper limb are innervated by what 3 cervical ganglia?

Back 32

superior, middle and inferior (inferior often fused with T1 ganglia to form stellate ganglion)

Front 33

Slide 23 is horrible

Back 33

can't make any sense of it!!

Front 34

How many coccygeal ganglia, and what do they innervate?

Back 34

Only one. It innervates the perineum

Front 35

The sympathetic nervous system induces vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

Back 35

Sympathetic innervation = vasoconstriction of all blood vessels except for the coronary arteries and vessels in skeletal muscle (those become dilated instead--fight or flight!)

Front 36

Sympathetic: Which adrenergic receptor, α- or β-, promotes vasodilation?

Back 36

β- promotes vasodilation

Front 37

Sympathetic: Which adrenergic receptor, α- or β-, promotes vasoconstriction?

Back 37

α- promotes vasoconstriction

Front 38

Sympathetic: the effects of glandular secretion in cranial viscera are due to vasoconstriction or vasodilation of blood flow to these glands?

Back 38

vasoconstriction (counter-intuitive)

Front 39

Sympathetic: the fight or flight innervation of the skin causes sweating. Sympathetic innervation of sweat glands is (cholinergic/adrenergic) and uses what kind of receptor?

Back 39

-sweat gland innervation is cholinergic (uses Ach) and the receptor for Ach in sweat glands is a muscarinic (metabotropic) receptor

Front 40

What is "the hair standing on end effect & goosebumps" phenomenon called?

Back 40

piloerection

Front 41

Sympathetic: Postganglionic cells from superior cervical ganglion project via the ______________ to eye, causing the pupil to _________________.

Back 41

-internal carotid nerve

-causes pupil to dilate (fight or flight--now more light enters and you become hyperaware of your surroundings)

Front 42

Sympathetic: Postganglionic axon project via ___________ nerves to heart, inducing an (increase/decrease) in heart output.

Back 42

-CERVICAL cardiac nerves
-causes increase in heart output (fight or flight)

Front 43

Sympathetic: Postganglionic axon project via ___________ nerves to lungs, inducing an (increase/decrease) in bronchial diameter.

Back 43

-pulmonary nerves
-increase (fight or flight, need more air)

Front 44

Sympathetic: Preganglionic cells project via the __________________ to the adrenal medulla.

Back 44

lesser splanchnic nerve

Front 45

What cells in the medulla are modified postganglionic sympathetic neurons? What do they secrete once stimulated?

Back 45

chromaffin cells. They secrete epinepherine

Front 46

Epinepherine is a catecholamine similar to norepinephrine with (greater/lesser) affinity to α- & β-receptors.

Back 46

greater

Front 47

Sympathetic effects on digestive system: preganglionic project to the _____________ ganglia via what nerves? Where do the postganglionic project to (and what are the resulting effects)?

Back 47

-preganglionic projects to the PREVERTEBRAL ganglia via SPLANCHNIC nerves, where they synapse
-then, postganglionic projects to the vascular bed and enteric system to promote vasoconstriction and inhibit enteric motility (fight or flight--opposite effects of rest and digest)

Front 48

Parasympathetic: the cranial preganglionic neurons are located in the brainstem nuclei of what 4 cranial nerves?

Back 48

1. CN III (occulomotor)
2. CN VII (facial)
3. CN IX (glossopharyngeal)
4. CN X (vagus)

Front 49

Parasympathetic: the sacral preganglionic neurons are located in the sacral nuclei located where?

Back 49

found at spinal segments S2 to S4

Front 50

Parasympathetic: how do the cranial preganglionic axons project out?

Back 50

via cranial nerves

Front 51

Parasympathetic: CN III projects to _____________ ganglion to synapse with postsynaptic neuron there.

Back 51

ciliary

Front 52

CN VII projects to __________________ ganglion & synapses with postsynaptic neurons there.

Back 52

pterygopalatine & submandibular

Front 53

Parasympathetic: CN IX projects to __________ & synapses with postsynaptic neurons there.

Back 53

otic ganglion

Front 54

CN X projects out to ______________. It synapses via a _________ on the organ.

Back 54

-thoracic and abdominal viscera
-plexus

Front 55

Parasympathetic: what is the effect of CN III?

Back 55

causes the pupillary sphincter muscle to constrict the pupil; causes ciliary muscle to round lens and focus on nearby objects

Front 56

Parasympathetic: what is the effect of CN VII?

Back 56

Function is to increase tearing and secretion of the nasal, palatine and pharyngeal mucous glands as well as salivation from the submandibular and sublingual glands

Front 57

Parasympathetic: what is the effect of CN IX?

Back 57

Function is to increase saliva secretion by parotid gland

Front 58

Parasympathetic: what are the effects of CN X on the heart, the lungs, the digestive tract, urinary tract, liver and gallbladder?

Back 58

-Heart: decreases rate, contraction strength and constricts coronary vessels
-Lungs: constricts bronchi but PROMOTES bronchial secretions
-Digestive tract: peristalsis and secretion of digestive juices, contracts rectum. Inhibits internal anal sphincter to cause defecation
-Urinary tract: decreases contraction of internal bladder sphincter and increases contraction of bladder DETRUSOR muscle, causing urination
-Liver: increases glycogen synthesis
-Gallbladder: increases bile secretion

REST AND DIGEST

Front 59

The enteric nervous system is found in the....

Back 59

digestive tract

Front 60

T or F. The enteric nervous system contains as many neurons as the spinal cord and is able to coordinate basic reflexive function without CNS input.

Back 60

True

Front 61

What are the 2 main networks of the enteric nervous system?

Back 61

1. myenteric, also called Auerbach’s plexus
2. submucosal, also called Meissner’s plexus

(mucosa and subserous plexuses are smaller)

Front 62

Enteric system: non-neuronal smooth muscle-like cells called ___________________ are PACEMAKER cells whose membrane potential spontaneously oscillates, resulting in slow waves of contraction (peristalsis).

Back 62

interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC)

Front 63

Enteric: when mechanoreceptors sense a bolus of food due to a distension in the gut wall, excitatory motor neurons stimulate the ICC cells (above/below) the bolus and stimulate an inhibitory network (above/below) the bolus.

Back 63

ICC cells are stimuated above bolus, inhibited below the bolus

Front 64

Enteric: although all the functions of this system are relatively autonomous, they are under (parasympathetic/sympathetic) influences.

Back 64

BOTH parasympathetic and sympathetic influences

Front 65

Enteric: Parasympathetic control via what nerves increases peristalsis and secretion?

Back 65

vagus and pelvic splanchnic (lower 1/3 of colon) nerves

Front 66

The top level integrator of autonomic (and, for that matter endocrine) activity is the ____________.

Back 66

hypothalamus

Front 67

Conscious influences on ANS are mediated via __________ inputs into the hypothalamus,

Back 67

cortical