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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Reproduction Property of Living things
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Sexual reproduction.
Each offspring has 2 parents and receives genetic material from both |
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Genetic Material provides what 2 things?
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Provides Genetic Diversity
Survival Evolution of species |
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Which gamete has motility?
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Male Sperm
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Which gamete contains nutrients for the developing zygote?
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Egg (Ovum)
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How does the female for the developing fetus?
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Uterus and Placenta
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Male Reproductive System (2 categories of organs)
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1. Primary sex organs
2. Secondary sex organs |
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Primary sex organs are ?
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Testes
Ovaries |
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Secondary sex organs? (Males)
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Ducts, glands, penis deliver sperm cells
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Secondary sex organs? (Females)
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Uterine tubes, uterus and vagina receive sperm and nourish developing fetus
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Male Secondary Sex Characteristics Develop when ??
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Develop at puberty to attract a mate
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Male Secondary sex characteristics
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Pubic, axillary and facial hair
Scent glands Change in Body morphology Low-pitch voice muscle development |
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Female Secondary Sex characteristics
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Pubic and axillary hair
Scent glands Change in body morphology Breast development |
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Sex chromosomes:
- Number of chromosomes - Number of Autosomes - # of Sex chromosomes |
- 23 pairs of chromosomes
- 22 pairs autosomes - 1 pair of sex chromosomes (XY males: XX females) |
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All Eggs carry only what?
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Only the X Chromosome
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Sex Differentiation involves what?
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SRY Gene
(Sex-determining Region of Y Gene) |
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SRY Gene does what ?
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- Codes for a protein that causes testes development
- Secretes Testosterone - Secretes Mullerian-Inhibiting Factor - Degenerates Paramesonephric ducts makes him a boy |
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No expression of SRY gene leads to ?
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Female development
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Sex differentiation: Gonads start to develop when?
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- Gonads start to develop at 6 wks.
- Mesonephric ducts develop into male reproductive system - Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) develop into female |
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Mesonephric ducts develop into what?
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Male reproductive system
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Paramesonephric ducts (Mullerian ducts) develop into ???
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Female
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External Genitals of both sexes begin as a ??
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Genital Tubercle
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Genital Tubercles become ??
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Glans of Penis or Clitoris
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Reproductive Tract includes ??
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1. External genitals of both sexes as a genital tubercle
2. Pair of urogenital folds 3. Pair of labioscrotal folds becomes scrotum or labia majorain female |
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Development of External Genitalia in 8 week old fetus
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1 - Same 3 Structures (genital tubercle, urogenital folds, labioscrotal)
2 - Sexual Differentiation end of week 3 - Male or Female by end of week 12 |
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Descent of Testes: They develop near which organ?
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Kidney
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Descent of Testes: What's the gubernaculum?
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Cordlike structure containing muscle
extending from gonad to abdominopelvic floor shortens, Guides testes to scrotum |
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Descent of testes: Vaginal process of peritoneum develops ....???
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... Develops fold extends into scrotum.
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Descent of Testes: Location of testes outside of where? why?
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Testes located OUTSIDE PELVIC CAVITY.... essential for low temperature... Needed for Sperm production.
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Male Perineum
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- Scrotum pouch holds testes
- 2 compartments with median septum - Spermatic cord travels from scrotum through inguinal canal - Contains testicular artery, vein, nerve and lymphatics |
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Thermoregulation
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- Sperm cannot be produced at core body temperature
- Cremaster muscle = pulls testes close to body - Wrinkles skin reducing surface area of scrotum lifts upwards |
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Thermoregulation: What does the CREMASTER MUSCLE do?
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It pulls testes close to body.
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Thermoregulation: What does the Dartos Muscle do?
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Wrinkles skin reducing surface area of scrotum; lifts upwards
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Thermoregulation: What happens when shrinkage occurs?
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Muscles contract bringing cold testes close to body
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Testes: General description
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Pair of Oval organs
4 cm Long x 2.5 cm Diameter |
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Testes: Covered by ?
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Covered anteriorly by Tunica Vaginalis
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Testes: the septa divides what?
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It divides the testes into compartments containing seminiferous tubules
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Interstitial cells between tubules is for ??
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Testosterone
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Sustentacular cells promote what?
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Sperm cell development
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How is the blood-testis barrier formed in the testis?
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Formed by tight junctions btwn sustentacular cells separating sperm
from immune system |
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Seminiferous tubules drain into what?
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Rete Testis
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Low BP of testicular artery results in...
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Poor O2 Supply
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Sperm develop very large mitochondria for what?
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Helps them survive hypoxic environment of female reproductive tract
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Spermatic ducts: Efferent ductules?
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12 small ciliated ducts collecting sperm from Rete testes and trasporting it to epididymis
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Epididymis (Head, Body and tail)
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6 m long coiled duct adhering to posterior of testis
Site of sperm maturation and storage (fertile for 60 days) |
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Spermatic ducts Ducts Deferens
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- Peristalsis during orgasm
- Muscular tube 45 cm long passing from scrotum thru inguinal canal to posterior surface of bladder |
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Spermatic ducts Ductus Deferens connects via ??
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Ejaculatory duct
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Ejaculatory duct (description)
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2 cm duct formed from Ductus Deferens and Seminal Vesicles pass through prostate empty into urethra
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Urethra (4 descriptions)
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Prostatic
Membranous Penile 20 cm long overall |
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Accessory glands (3 Things)
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1. Seminal vesicles
2. Prostate glands 3. Bulbourethral glands |
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Seminal vesicles (2 things)
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Posterior to bladder
Empty into ejaculatory duct |
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Prostate Gland (3 things)
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- Below bladder
- Surrounds urethra and ejaculatory duct - 2 x 4 x 3 cm |
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Bulbourethral Glands
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- Near bulb of penis empty into penile urethra
- Providing lubrication fluid |
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Penis (5 things)
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- Internal Root
- Shaft and Glans - External portion 4 in. long flaccid - Skin over shaft loosely attached allows expansion - Extends over Glans as Prepuce (Foreskin) |
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3 Cylindrical Bodies of Erectile Tissue
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1. Corpus Spongiosum
2. Bulbospongiosus Muscle 3. Corpora Cavernosa |
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Corpus Spongiosum
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Ventral side of penis
Encloses penile urethra Ends as a dilated bulb Penis Ensheathed by Bulbospongiosus muscle |
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Bulbospongiosus Muscle
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1 of the cylindrical bodies of erectile tissue
- ensheaths the corpus spongiosum |
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Corpora Cavernosa
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- Diverge like arms of a Y
- Each Crus attaches to pubic arch - Covered with Ischiocavernosus Muscle |
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Puberty and Climacteric
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- Reproductive System remains dormant for years after birth
- Surge of pituitary gonadotropins begins development - 10-12 in Boys - 8-10 in Girls |
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Puberty ?
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- Period from onset of Gonadotropin secretion until first menstrual period or
first ejaculation of viable sperm |
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FSH
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- Stimulates sustentacular cells in males to secrete androgen-binding
- Protein interacts with testosterone to stimulate Spermatogenesis |
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LH
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Stimulates interstitial cells to produce testosterone
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Effects of Testosterone
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- Enlargement of secondary sexual organs
- Penis, testes, scrotum, ducts, glands and muscle mass enlarge - Hair, scent, and sebaceous glands develop - Stimulates Erythropoiesis and libido - During adulthood testosterone sustains libido spermatogenesis and reproductive tract |
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Effects of Testosterone: What happens as you get older?
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Effect decreases with age
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Age and Sexual Function peak when?
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7 mg/day at age 20
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Meiosis produces what?
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Gametes for sexual reproduction
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Chromosome number is ??
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Constant
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There are 2 cell divisions but only one replication of what?
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DNA
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In Meiosis 1 what happens?
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Separates homologous chromosome pairs into 2 haploid cells
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In Meiosis 2 what happens?
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Separates duplicated sister chromatids into 4 haploid cells
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Spermatogenesis (4 things)
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- Spermatogonia produce 2 kinds of daughter cells
- Type A remain outside blood-testis - Barrier and produce more daughter cells until death - Type B differentiate into primary spermatocytes |
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Spermatogonia produce what?
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2 Kinds of daughter cells
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Type A daughter cell remains where?
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Outside Blood-testis barrier and produce more daughter cells until death
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Type B daughter cells differentiate into ?
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Primary Spermatocytes
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Spermatozoan (Description)
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Head, 4-5 microns long,
Contains nucleus Acrosome and flagella Haploid set of chromosomes Acrosome contains enzymes that penetrate the egg |
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As far as eyesight, spermatozoan are ?
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Blind
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Seminal Fluid: how much of it is expelled during EJACULATION?
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2-5 mL Seminal fluid
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Percentage breakdown of seminal fluid: % seminal vesicle fluid, % prostatic, % sperm
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60% seminal vesicle fluid
30% prostatic 10% sperm |
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Percent of seminal fluid thats Seminal Vesicle Fluid.
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60%
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Percent of seminal fluid that is Prostatic.
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30%.
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Percent of Seminal Fluid that is actual Sperm.
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10%
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Actual Sperm count ?
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50-120 Million/mL
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Semen Components.
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Fructose
Spermine Fibrinogen |
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Fructose in semen is for what?
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For Sperm motility energy
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Spermine in sperm is for what?
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Stabilizes sperm pH at 7.2 to 7.6
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Fibrinogen in semen is for what?
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Causes clotting
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Male Sexual Anatomy: Arteries of Penis
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Dorsal artery - supplies blood to penis
Deep artery - supplies lacunae of corpora cavernosa |
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Dilation of what creates a male erection?
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Arteries
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Male Sexual Anatomy: Nerves of penis (4 things)
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Dorsal nerve of penis and internal pudendal.
Tactile, pressure and temp receptors. Integration center in sacral spinal cord. Autonomic and somatic motor fibers carry impulses to penis. |
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Which motor fibers carry impulses carry impulses to penis?
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Autonomic and somatic
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Male sexual response: Excitement is initiated by?
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Erotic stimuli
(Vasocongestion of genitals myotonia) |
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Male sexual response: There's an increase in?
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Heart rate, BP, and breathing
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Erection: There's a parasympathetic triggering of what?
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Nitric Oxide (NO) secretion
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Erection: There's a dilation of what and filling of what?
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Deep arteries dilate and filling of lacunae with blood.
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Erection is maintained during what phase?
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Plateau phase
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Erection allows for .....?
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Penetration and intercourse
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Sexual Intercourse (Coitus): Orgasm?
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Climax 15 second reaction includes discharge of semen (ejaculation)
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Sexual Intercourse (Coitus): Orgasm?
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Climax 15 second reaction includes discharge of semen (ejaculation)
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What happens during ejaculation?
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Sympathetic nervous system fires smooth muscle; propelling sperm through ducts; glandular secretions are added
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Semen in urethra activates what?
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Muscular contractions; resulting in expulsion.
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Ejaculation and orgasm can occur separately. True/False
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True
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Orgasm is the ..... ?
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Conclusion of the plateau phase.
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During orgasm, it is characterized by ....?
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Quick cycles of muscle contraction in the lower pelvic muscles and INTENSE PHYSICAL PLEASURE.
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Post-coital: Following orgasm, humans are ??
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Tired, and need to rest.
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After orgasm, why is their fatigue?
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Because of the release of prolactin.
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Orgasm: PET scans demonstrate male and female brains .....?
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- Act almost the same during orgasm
- With REDUCED activity in large parts of the cerebral cortex |
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Orgasm: Resolution -- what happens?
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Sympathetic signals constrict internal pudendal artery and reduce blood flow to penis.
Penis becomes soft/flaccid. Cardio and Resp responses normalize. |
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Orgasm: Resolution -- what happens?
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Sympathetic signals constrict internal pudendal artery and reduce blood flow to penis.
Penis becomes soft/flaccid. Cardio and Resp responses normalize. |
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Convoluted
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Adj. Coiled around; involved; Intricate.
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The boy told a story too convoluted for his mother to follow
His argument was so convoluted that few of us could follow it intelligently. |
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Contraception
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the use of barrier methods of contraception reduce disease and prevent pregnancy
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Length of average erect penis is?
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5.5 to 6.2 inches long
Circumference: 4.7-5.1 inches |
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Common surgery types (2)
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Silicone injections; severing of connective tissue.
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For erectile dysfunction, pills taken are?
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Viagra, cialis, levitra,
Allow for and sustain an erection. |
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Priapism: what is it?
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Unresolving erection that lasts for 4 or more hours.
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Priapism: can result in what?
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Can result in permanent damage to corpus spongiosum and corpus cavernosum
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Common STDs
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Chlamydia, Genital warts (Condylomota Acuminata), Gonorrhea (Gonococcus), Syphillis (Treponema pallidum), Herpes simplex (most common, for life).
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STDs percentage of incidence.
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Girls 14-19
20% White or Hispanic females 48% of Afro-American females |
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Genital warts (Condylomata Acuminata) is caused by ?
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HPV
- Up to nine months can pass from the time of infection to the development of warts, during which time it can be spread to others. |
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What's the most common STD in US?
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Genital warts
(Tiny, flat, inconspicuous bumps) Transmitted via direct contact |
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What's the most common STD in US?
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Genital warts
(Tiny, flat, inconspicuous bumps) Transmitted via direct contact |
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Genital warts: In women, HPV can lead to ?
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Dysplastic changes in the cervix and CERVICAL CANCER.
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HPV Vaccination
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Gardasil vaccination is 100% effective in preventing precancerous tumors of the cervix and cervical cancer.
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Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Causes... |
Causes AIDS
Communicable STDs are easier to prevent than they are to cure. Always protect yourself and your partner. |
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