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160 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What characteristics must something have to be considered "living"?
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Must have a cellular organization, the ability to reproduce and develop, must maintain a metabolism and homeostasis and must respond to stimulus.
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List the levels of biological organization in order from least complex to most complex.
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Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Multicelled Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere.
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What is the functional definition of science?
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The observation, identification, description, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena.
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A. Hypothesis
B. Theory C. Law |
A. An educated guess.
B. A test, standing concept used to interpret a broad range of observations that is always up for revision. C. Truisms of science (i.e. law of gravity). |
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What is an atom?
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The smallest form of matter that contains protons, neutrons and electrons.
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What is the requirement for an atom to be considered "electrically neutral"?
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The protons and electrons must be equal.
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What is an ion?
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An atom that has either lost or gained electrons and therefore has a positive or negative charge, respectively.
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What is an isotope?
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An atom that occurs with various numbers of neutrons in nature.
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What is an ionic bond?
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A bond between two atoms in which there is an exchange in electrons.
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What is a covalent bond?
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A bond between two atoms in which both atoms share electrons in order to complete their out shells simultaniously without an additional charge.
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What is the difference between a polar and nonpolar covalent bond?
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In a nonpolar bond the electrons are evenly spread throughout the molecule, while in a polar bond the electrons are focused one side, giving the molecule different charges on both sides.
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What is a hydrogen bond?
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A weak chemical bond that forms between a covalently bonded hydrogen atom and another atom taking part in a different covalent bond.
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What are the properties of an acid?
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Contains a pH level that is less than 7 and will donate H+ when dissolved in water.
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What are the properties of a base?
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Contains a pH level that is greater than 7 and will accept H+ when dissolved in water. (release OH- that combines with H+)
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What are the properties of a salt?
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Releases ions other than H+ and OH- in a solution. Salts and water commonly form when an acid interacts with a base.
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What does a buffer do?
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It is something that resists changes in pH level.
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What is oxidation?
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A chemical reaction in which electrons are lost.
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What is reduction?
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A chemical reaction in which electrons are gained.
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What is a dehydration synthesis?
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A chemical reaction in which at least one of the reactants loses water. Also called condensation.
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What is hydrolysis?
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A chemical reaction in which water is split.
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What is an inorganic compound?
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They are nonhydrocarbons and relatively small molecules. Examples include water, mineral salts, and carbon dioxide.
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What is an oraganic compound?
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They are hydrocarbons or hydrocarbon derivatives and relatively large molecules. Examples include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and vitamins.
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What is a basic description of carbohydrates?
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CHO make up simple sugars (monosaccharides) which form di-, tri-, and polysaccharides.
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What is a lipid?
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An organic compound that contains CHO and is relatively insoluble in water.
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What is a saturated fat?
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A fat that is full of hydrogen atoms.
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What is an unsaturated fat?
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A fat that isn't completely full of hydrogen atoms.
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What is a phospholipid's function?
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To build cell membranes.
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What is a steroid?
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A lipid that contains no fatty acid. Examples include cholesterol, vitamin D, sex hormones, ect.
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What is a protein?
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An organic compound made up of CHON that is used to make up amino acids.
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What are amino acids?
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Monomer of polypeptide chains. Consists of a carboxyl group, an amino acid group, and a characteristic functional group.
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What is a peptide?
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A group of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.
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What is an enzyme?
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A type of protein or RNA that speeds up a specific reaction and remains unchanged by the reaction.
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What is a nucleic acid made up of?
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CHONP.
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What is a vitamin?
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An organic substance an animal needs for metabolism and must get from food.
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What is a prokaryotic cell?
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A cell that does not contain a nuclear envelope or membrane, mitochondria, plastids, ER, lysosomes, or golgi bodies. Examples include bacteria and archaea.
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What is a eukaryotic cell?
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A cell that contains a nuclear envelope and everything that it would usually consist of.
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What is the cell membrane?
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A phospholipid bilayer on the outside of a cell that is responsible for transporting things in and out of the cell.
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What is the nucleus?
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The nuclear membrane containing the chromosomes(DNA and protein) and nucleolus (RNA and protein) and is responsible for controling cell activities.
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What are ribosomes?
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The organelles responsible for protein synthesis.
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What are chloroplasts?
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Organelle in plant cells that is responsible for photosynthesis.
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What is the mitochondria?
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The organelle responsible for aerobic cellular respiration.
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What is the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Organelle responsible for modifying new polypeptide chains(rough), assembling membrane lipids and breaking down fatty acids and toxins(smooth).
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What are the Golgi bodies?
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Organelles that modify new polypeptide chains, assemble lipids, and package both into vesicles.
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What is a lysosome?
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A vesiclle filled with enzymes that function in intracellular digestion.
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What do vacuoles do?
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Stores water in plants.
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What makes up a cytoskeleton?
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Microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
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Lamark's theory of evolution is one of...
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acquired characteristics.
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Darwin's theory of evolution is one of...
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natural selection.
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What evidence is there for evolution?
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Fossil records, biogeography, comparitive morphology, patterns of development, similar behaviors between species and microevolution.
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What is taxonomy?
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Identifying, naming, and classifying living things to show their evolutionary relationships.
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What are the primary reactants and products in photosynthesis?
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Reactants: 6 water + 6 CO2
Products: 6 O2 + glucose. |
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Describe the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis and where it takes place.
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Light enters the grana, which is a stack of thylakoids that store chlorophyll, and energizes electrons.
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Which structure is used during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
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Stroma.
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What is ATP?
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The energy that our body uses.
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Where does glycolysis occur and how much energy does it produce?
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It occurs in the cytoplasm and produces 2 ATP.
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How much ATP does the Krebs cycle produce?
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2 ATP.
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How much ATP does the electron transport systemm produce?
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32 ATP.
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List the major taxonomic categories in order, from most general to most specific.
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Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Archaea?
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prokaryotic, singled-celled.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Bacteria?
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prokaryotic, singled-celled, reproduce by prokaryotic fission and conjugation.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Protista?
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eukaryotic; vast majority single-celled, some simple multicelled; reproduce by binary fission and conjugation.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Fungi?
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eukaryotic; vast majority are complex multicelled; possess cell walls of chitin, with or without cross walls; saprobes, heterotrophic by absorption; reproduce by spore–formation.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Plantae?
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eukaryotic, complex multicelled, photosynthetic, cell walls containing cellulose.
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What are the major characteristics of Kingdom Animalia?
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eukaryotic, complex multicelled, heterotrophic by ingestion, no cell walls.
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Which were the earliest cells that probably appeared around 3.8 billion years ago?
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anaerobic bacteria.
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What is a habitat?
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The environment in which an organism lives.
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What is a niche?
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The role an organism plays in their habitat.
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What is a virus?
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Nucleic acid surrounded by a protein capsule that latches on to a host cell and uses the host cell’s metabolism and reproduction.
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What are viroids?
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Tightly folded strands or circles of "naked" RNA that infect plants such as potatoes and oranges.
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What is a prion?
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Small infectious "misfolded" protein that causes rare, fatal degenerative diseases of the nervous system. Example: mad cow disease.
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Define competition.
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Organisms trying to control the same limited resource.
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Who benefits from Commensalism?
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One organism benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed.
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Who benefits from Mutualism?
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Both sides benefit.
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Who benefits from Parasitism?
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One organism benefits and the other is harmed, but not killed.
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What is the concept of biological magnification?
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Concentration of a contaminant in body tissues increases as it is passed along in a food chain.
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What are the four Biogeochemical Cycles?
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Hydrologic, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous cycles.
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What are characteristics of Flagellated protozoans?
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Heterotrophs, no cell walls, include zooplankton and pathogens, flagella.
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What are characteristics of Euglenoids?
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Photosynthetic autotrophs, some heterotrophs, no cell wall, flagella.
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What are characteristics of Ciliates?
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Heterotrophs, no cell wall, zooplankton, cilia.
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What are characteristics of Dinoflagellates?
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Mostly photosynthetic autotrophs, cell walls, can emit a flash of light (bioluminescence); responsible for “red tide”, phytoplankton.
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What are characteristics of Apicomplexans (sporozoans)?
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Heterotrophs, usually nonmotile and parasitic, malaria.
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What are characteristics of Green algae?
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Photosynthetic autotrophs, cell walls, phytoplankton.
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What are the characteristics of Amoebozoans?
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Heterotrophs, pseudopods, most have no cell walls.
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What is the structure of Fungi?
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Multinucleated filaments (hyphae) surrounded by cell walls.
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What is the specialized reproductive cell of fungi?
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Spores.
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What are examples of nonvascular plants?
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mosses and liverworts.
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What are examples of vascular plants?
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Ferns, conifers, and flowering plants.
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What does xylem do?
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It's sturdy tubes formed by connected walls of dead cells conduct water and solutes.
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What does phloem do?
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It distributes photosynthetic products throughout the plant.
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What are characteristics of ferns?
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Seedless; reproduce by spores; swimming sperm.
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What are characteristics of gymnosperms?
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Naked seed, cones, pollen grains are “sperm”.
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What are characteristics of angiosperms?
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Covered seed, fruit.
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Poriferans
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pore-bearing.
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Cnidarians
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stinging cells.
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Platyhelminths
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flatworms.
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Annelids
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segmented worms.
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Mollusks
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soft-bodied.
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Nematodes
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roundworms, unsegmented.
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Arthropods
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jointed appendages.
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Echinoderms
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spiny skinned.
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What are the characteristics of Chordates?
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Notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, gill slits, and tail at some stage of development.
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What are the characteristics of fish?
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2-chambered heart; gills; external fertilization; ectothermic; water habitat or niche.
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What are the characteristics of amphibians?
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3-chambered heart; respiration by gills, skin, lungs; external fertilization; ectothermic; water and land habitat or niche.
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What are the characteristics of reptiles?
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partially formed 4-chambered heart; respiration by lungs and ribcage, internal fertilization; ectothermic; land habitat or niche.
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What are the characteristics of birds?
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4-chambered heart; respiration by lungs, ribcage, air sacs; internal fertilization; endothermic; land habitat or niche.
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What are the characteristics of mammals?
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4-chambered heart; respiration by lungs, ribcage, and diaphragm; internal fertilization; endothermic; land habitat or niche.
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What are the major sub-classes of mammals?
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monotremes, marsupials, placental, and primates.
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somatic cells
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all the cells besides sex cells.
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gametes
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sex cell- sperm and egg.
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sister chromatids
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duplicated chromosomes.
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homologous pair of chromosomes
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A pair of chromosomes similar in size and shape and the genes located on them.
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diploid
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both halves of each homologous pair. Somatic.
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Haploid
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One half of each homologous pair. Gametes.
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Prophase.
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chromosomes shorten and thicken, nuclear envelope breakdowns, nucleolus disappears, centrioles migrate to poles, and spindle fibers (microtubules) begin to form.
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Metaphase.
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chromosomes aligned along equatorial region mitotic spindle formed.
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Anaphase.
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separation of chromosomes (sister chromatids) and migration of chromosomes towards poles.
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Telophase.
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chromosomes spread out at poles, nuclear envelope forms, and nucleolus reappears, cytokenesis.
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Meiosis
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production of sex cells (gametes)
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seminiferous tubules
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where sperm develops.
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interstitial cells
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produces testosterone.
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epididymides
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sperm storage.
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vasa deferentia
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tubes that transport sperm during ejaculation.
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endometrium
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lining of the uterus.
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myometrium
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muscle tissue of the uterus.
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perimetrium
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outer covering of the uterus.
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What causes the STD Trichomoniasis?
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flagellated protozoan.
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Epithelial tissue
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covers the body; skin
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Steroid hormones do/don't enter cells?
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do.
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Peptide hormones do/don't enter cells?
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don't.
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Pituitary glands secrete...
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growth hormone (somatotropin), FSH, LH, prolactin, oxytocin
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Thyroid
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located in the throat, secretes thyroxine- regulates metabolism.
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The Adrenal gland secretes
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epinephrine, adrenaline, norepinephrine.
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glucagon
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blocks excess insulin to equalize glucose levels in the blood
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insulin
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Lowers blood sugar levels by telling cells to store glucose.
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Acromegaly
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The build up of GH after puberty resulting in growth of the hands, feet, face, and outside of the liver and heart.
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Dendrites
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Where information or charge is accepted, (Top most part of the cell) (Input zone)
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Cell body or soma
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Contains the cells nucleus, cytoplasm, organelles, (Trigger zone)
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Axon
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Information travels along long slender body, (Conducting zone)
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Axon Ending
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Where Information is communicated with another neuron (Output Zone)
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Resting polarity
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inside negative, outside positive.
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Active polarity
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Inside Positive, Outside negative
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Somatic nerves
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Carry signals about movement of the head trunk or limbs.
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Autonomic nerves
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Are connected to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glans
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sympathetic nerves.
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secrete the neurotransmitter, norepinephrine which
are produced during times of excitement and danger. |
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parasympathetic nerves.
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secrete the neurotransmitter, acetylcholine and are produced
in more tranquil times and help with house keeping processes such as digestion and urine processing. |
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Interstitial (tissue) fluid
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fills the spaces in tissues between cells, helps to keep Temperature right for the body’s functions.
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lymph
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similar to blood but, NO ERYTHOCYTES and few blood proteins.
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allergies
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Sensitivity to allergens. Causes the body to react by releasing Histamines and cytokines.
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Immunity
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the ability to resist and combat infections.
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antigen
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any molecule that the body recognizes as nonself and that provokes an immune response
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Circulatory and Respiratory System of fish.
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Pumps through a two chambered heart and in one continuous circuit.
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Circulatory and Respiratory System of Amphibians.
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Pumps through two partially separate circuits mixes with the oxygen rich blood in the heart.
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Circulatory and Respiratory System of birds and mammals.
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Distinct four chambered heart with two circuits, 1 to the lungs and 1 to the rest of the body.
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erythrocytes
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Red blood cells.
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leukocytes
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White Blood Cells.
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What are platelets?
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cytoplasmic fragments used for blood clotting.
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sinoatrial (SA) node
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pacemaker-outside heart
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pulmonary circuit
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r. ventricle pulmonary arteries lungs pulmonary veins l. atrium
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systemic circuit
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l. ventricle aorta (largest artery) arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins (contain one-way valves) venae cavae (superior and inferior) r. atrium
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hypertension
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high blood pressure
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