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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 2 functional brain systems? |
1. Limbic System 2. Reticular formation |
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What to areas play a role in memory? |
Hippocampus and Amygdala |
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Describe the reticular formation system |
Three broad columns along the length of brain stem: raphe nuclei, medial group, lateral group of nuclei
Has far flung axonal connections with hypothalamus, cerebral cortex, cerebellum, and spinal cord |
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What are the motor functions controlled by RAS? |
-Helps control limb movements -Helps regulate visceral motor functions: cardiac, respiratory and vasomotor (blood vessels contraction) |
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What are the 4 types of brain waves? |
1. Alpha waves (relaxed) 2. beta waves (alert) 3. theta waves - more irregular (children) 4. delta waves - deep sleep |
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What are 6 things diagnosed by EEGs? |
1. localized brain lesions 2. tumors 3. infarcts (small localized area of dead tissue resulting from failure of blood supply) 4. infections 5. abscesses 6. epileptic lesions |
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What are 2 types of epileptic seizures? |
1. Abscense seizures (petit mal) - mild seizures seen in young children where the expression goes blank
2. Tonic (clonic grand mal) seizures - tonic is loss of consciousness, clonic is contractions |
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What are the 4 clinical stages of consciousness? |
1. Alertness 2. Drowsiness 3. Stupor 4. coma |
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What are the 5 typical EEG patterns during sleep? |
1. REM - where most dreaming occurs 2. NREM stage 1: relaxation begins, alpha waves, arousal is easy 3. NREM stage 2: irregular EEG with sleep spindles - arousal more difficult 4. NREM stage 3: sleep deepens, theta and delta waves appear; vital signs decline 5. NREM Stage 4: EEG is dominated with delta waves, arousal is difficult, bed-wetting, night terrors, and sleepwalking may occur. |
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What times the sleep cycle? |
The superchiasmatic and preoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus.
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Which stage of sleep is thought to be the "restorative stage"? |
NREM stages 3 and 4. |
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What 4 factors affect transfer of memories into long term storage? |
1. Emotional State - best if alert, motivated, surprised or aroused 2. Rehearsal 3. Association - associating with old memories 4. Autonomic memory - subconscious stored in LTM |
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3 types of non-declarative memory and associated structures |
1. procedural memory - basal nuclei relay sensory and motor inputs to the thalamus and premotor cortex (dopamine is necessary)
2. motor memory - cerebellum
3. emotional memory - amygdala |
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What 4 things protect the brain? |
1. Bone (skull) 2. Membranes (meninges) 3. Watery cushion (cerebrospinal fluid) 4. Blood-barrier |
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The meninges (membranes) have CFS and 3 layers: |
1. Dura Mater 2. Arachnoid mater 3. Pia mater |
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What 2 things are contained in the subarachnoid space? |
1. CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) 2. Blood vessels |
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What are the functions of the CSF? |
1. Gives buoyancy to the CNS organs 2. Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma 3. Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals. |
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What produces cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) at a constant rate? |
The choroid plexuses! |
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What is the blood brain barrier? |
A selective barrier (except in the vomiting center and hypothalamus), where it is necessary to monitor the chemical composition of the blood. |
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What is a cerebrovascular accident (CVA)? |
Strokes. Blood circulation is blocked and brain tissue dies. |
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What is transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)? |
temporary episodes of reversible cerebral ischemia |
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What is tissue plasminogen activetor (TPA)? |
The only APPROVED treatment for stroke |
