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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Prior to cell division, ______ are duplicated. Visible ______ consist of two identical sister chromatids attached at centromere. Once sister chromatids separate they are again called _______.
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Chromosomes
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Make up a chromosome and are to be separated during cell division.
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Sister Chromatids
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holds two sister chromatids together to make one chromosome.
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Centromere
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an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule. (Taking phosphate off stops the cell cycle). ____ works like turning off a light switch. CDK is a cyclin dependent ______.
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Kinase
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special chemicals that make the cell cycle go around; there are many different types. Elevated in breast cancer.
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Cyclins
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like an alarm clock, that tells the cell when it is time to do some essential activities and when to divide. Many chemicals inside the cell regulate it.
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Cell Cycle
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The complete set of chromosomes (46) is known as the ____ number in humans. Somatic Cells are ____.
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Diploid
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Sex cells are this.
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Haploid
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Pairs of genes segregate during gamete formation; fertilization pairs genes again.
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Law of Segregation
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random arrangement of
chromosomes on the metaphase plate. |
Law of Random Assortment
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one gene influences many characteristics.
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Pleiotropy
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one allele interferes with the expression of another allele.
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Epistasis
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many genes influence one characteristic
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Polygenic Inheritance
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one allele is not completely dominant over another. Ex- red + white = pink.
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Incomplete Dominance
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more then two alleles for one trait. Ex- Blood types: A, B, O.
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Multiple Alleles
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both dominant alleles are expressed equally. Ex- Blood type AB.
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Codominance
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2 different alleles. Ex- Bb. b is the disease carrier, always recessive.
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Heterozygous
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2 of the same allele. Dominant= BB, Recessive= bb. AKA true breeding.
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Homozygous
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one allele. Ex- males only: XY.
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Hemizygous
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only in females, 45 chromosome, genotype XO.
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Turner's Syndrome
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inactive x chromosome. XXX. One of the X’s is randomly selected to be turned off.
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Barr Body
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only in males, 47 chromosome, genotype XY.
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Klinefelters
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an abnormal number of chromosomes, extra or less.
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Anueploidy
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chromosome number 21 is affected. Has one extra chromosome, should have two.
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Down Syndrome
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a display (picture) of chromosome pairs.
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Karyotype
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XX or XY
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Sex Linked
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Independent of chromosomes. Ie: BB, Bb, or bb
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Autosomal
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location of a gene or allele on a chromosome.
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Locus
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physical characteristics
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Phenotype
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genetic makeup
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Genotype
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when cells meet, they stop dividing.
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Density Dependent Inhibition
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cell enters if it is damaged. Some cells are permanently in here. (Brain Cells) No cell division occurs here.
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G0
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master tumor suppressor gene in your body. One copy from mom, one from dad. This gene interacts with your cell cycle. Defect= Li- Fraumeni Syndrome.
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P53
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In families, very rare, predisposition to cancer. P53 problem, has multiple forms.
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Li Fraumeni Syndrome
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cell suicide. If so much DNA damage occurs and cells cannot fix it. (Use G0). Ex- sunburn.
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Apoptosis
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for n chromosomes, there are two different combinations of this of haploid pairs. For humans, 223 different combinations and 64 billion combinations at fertilization.
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2^n
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dealing with a single trait. Ex- just hair color.
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Monohybrid
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dealing with two traits at the same time. Ex- hair and eye color.
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Dihybrid
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two of the same genes for one characteristic. Ex- WW or ww.
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True Breeding
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same as Tay-Sacs disease. (incomplete dominance)
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Sickle Cell Anemia
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assists scientists in determinations of transmission of traits/diseases in families.
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Pedigree
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do not follow Mendelian inheritance because guys are XY.
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Sex-Linked Genes
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more than two complete sets of chromosomes.
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Polyploidy
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an exception to the chromosomal theory of inheritance. Individuals do this in gamete cells during meiosis and it affects expression in offspring.
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Genomic Imprinting
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homologous chromosomes synapse and form this.
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Tetrad
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are pairs of chromosomes, one from each parent.
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Homologous Chromosome
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either free end of a chromosome, sticky end with DNA.
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Telomere
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the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes, aka _______, is the start of meiosis.
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Synapsis
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