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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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An animal that does not actively adjust its internal osmolarity because it is isoosmotic with its environment.
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osmoconformer
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An animal whose body fluids have a different osmolarity than the environment and that must either discharge excess water if it lives in a hypoosmotic environment or take in water if it inhabits a hyperosmotic environment.
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osmoregulator
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diffuse nerve nets that control the opening of the GV cavity
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• Cnidarians
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– More centralized
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• Echinoderms
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more complex behavior
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Cephalization
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the simplest clearly defined central nervous system
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• Planarians
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central and peripheral nervous systems
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• Annelids and Arthropods
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interneurons analyze and interpret
– Account for present stimuli and past stimuli- memory – The greatest complexity of neurons |
• Integration
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motor neurons communicate with effecter cells
– Target: muscle or endocrine cells |
• Motor output
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: highly branched extensions that receive signals
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• Dendrites:
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usually longer, transmits the signal
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• The axon
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• Each axon ends in a
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synaptic terminal
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organized bundles of either neurons, axons and or dendrites.
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nerves
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provide structural support in the CNS
– Facilitate information transfer – Aid in the development of tight junctions– The blood brain barrier |
Astrocytes
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form the myelin sheath around axons in the CNS
– Wrap in many layers of membranes • electrical insulation |
Oligodendrocyte
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form the myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS
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Schwann Cells
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form the myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS
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Schwann Cells
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– form tacks in embryonic tissue
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Radial glia
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A brief depolarization of the neuron plasma membrane
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An Action Potential
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the current flows from one cell to another
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• Electrical synapses
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the current causes intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane
– More common – Releases neurotransmitters |
• Chemical synapses
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• Relay, amplify and modulate electrical signals
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Neurotransmitters
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excitory, involved in learning and memory
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– Glutamic Acid
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inhibits motor neurons
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– GABA
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mostly on the surface of the brain
– Dendrites, unmyelinated axons and cell bodies |
gray matter
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interior to the gray matter
– myelinated axons organized in bundles or tracts |
• White matter
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originate in the brain and terminate most often in the head and upper body
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• Cranial nerves
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originate in the spinal cord and extend to places below the head
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Spinal nerves
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: responds to external stimuli, carries signals to and from skeletal muscles
– Subject to conscious control: “voluntary |
• Somatic Nervous system
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controls smooth and cardiac muscles, digestive system etc
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• Autonomic nervous system
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•: produces CSF
•: sorts input information being sent to the cerebrum •: homeostatic regulation, location of the thermostat, sexual behavior |
Epithalamus
Thalamus Hypothalamus |
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thick band of axons that allows the 2 sides to communicate
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– Corpus collosum
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– Psychotic episodes in which patients can’t distinguish reality
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Schizophrenia
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Mental deterioration or dementia characterized by memory loss and confusion
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Alzheimer’s Disease
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. Neurons die in large areas of the brain
Neurofibrillary tangles: intracellular bundles of of normally straight protein tracks within neurons and glia cells Senile plaques: aggregates of the B-amyloid protein |
Alzheimer’s Pathology
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In hyposomatic environments…
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– Freshwater fish
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In hypersomatic environments
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– marine vertebrates and some marine invertebrates
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– Adaptations to reduce water loss are key to survival
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Waxy exoskeletons of insects
• Layers of dead keratinized skin in tetrapods • Nocturnal life styles • Drinking and eating moist foods |
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• Among the most important waste products in terms of osmoregulation are nitrogenous compounds
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Nitrogenous Wastes
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• Soluble , tolerated only in low concentrations
• Animals that excrete NH3 must dilute it in lots of water • Ex. Fish loose ammonia across their gills and in urine from kidneys |
1. Ammonia
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– A combination of NH3 and CO2.
• Not toxic • Produced in the liver, can travel in the circulatory system until filtered out in the kidneys – Secreted by mammals, amphibians, sharks, a few fish – Disadvantage: energy is spent to make it! |
Urea
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– Non toxic, insoluble
– Excreted as a semi solid paste – Less water loss! – Secreted by reptiles, including birds – Disadvantage- requires the most energy to make |
Uric acid
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1. Descending limb:
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• Transport epithelial here are freely permeable to water, but not salt
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In the Distal Tubule
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• Epithelia here
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In the Collecting Duct
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• Carries the fitrate to the renal pelvis
• Transport epithelia |
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– Enables mammals to get rid of nitorgenous wastes and salt in a minimal amount of water
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• The juxtamedullary nephron
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increases the permeability of the transport epithelia to water
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• Antidiurectic hormone (ADH):
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– Chemical signals that influence the physiology or behavior of a potential mate
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Pheromones
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• the height of the wave in the cochlea
– The hairs bend more, more action potentials are sent |
Volume =
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#vibrations/second
– The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch The Basilar membrane varies in width and stiffness Different areas vibrate in reponse to different frequencies |
pitch
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colors, less sensitive, less of them
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cones
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