Bs16-Learning Theories

Front 1

What is learning?

Back 1

Long-lasting behavior change that is the result of experience. Results from the intersction of the brain & the environment

Front 2

3 Types of learning?

Back 2

Associative (classical & operant conditioning), Insight/cognitive learning, & Social/observational learning

Front 3

Charac of classical conditioning

Back 3

Involves pairing of involuntarily/reflexive elicited behavior w/ an unrelated stim (eg Pavlov's dog). Nearly every organ /gland controlled by autonomics is susceptible

Front 4

What is extinction?

Back 4

The lose of condish response once conditioning stops (present CS w/o US)

Front 5

What is stim generation?

Back 5

Subject begins to respond to conditioned stim in ways that are similar to the org stim

Front 6

What si stimulus discrimination?

Back 6

Subject can distinguish b/w stim that are close in charac but still a litle diff

Front 7

What is operant conditioning?

Back 7

Modification of voluntary emitted behaviors, by adding to or taking away from condish in the the envir. Controls voluntary behavior. Behavior can be modified by conseq

Front 8

What is behavior?

Back 8

Anything a person says or does. Cognitive-behavior approaches include thinking/thoughts

Front 9

What is reinforcement?

Back 9

Whatever INCREASES the likihod that a given behavior will be repeated. Reinforcer does not equal Preference

Front 10

What is positive reinforcer?

Back 10

An event that when presented immediately before a behavior, causes the behavior to inc.

Front 11

What is a conditioned reinforcer

Back 11

An event or item paired w/ a reinforcer. Use conditioned reinforcers found in natural envir. Back-up should be presented as soon as possible.

Front 12

Conseq of + reinforcement

Back 12

Problem behavior may be inadvertently reinforced.

Front 13

Clinical uses of reinforcement

Back 13

Parent training, Token/point systems, & teaching new behavior (coping or communication skills)

Front 14

What is neg reinforcement?

Back 14

Behavior inc as a result of terminating or removing an event/stimuli. Tend to be aversive (eg phobic rxns, wife nagging to take out trash)

Front 15

What is punishment?

Back 15

An event when presented immediately following behavior causes the behavior to DECREASE. Less likely to repeat that behavior & often assoc w/ neg/aversive stim. Aversive condish; repeated pairing of undesirable reinforcer w/ aversive event

Front 16

Clinical uses of punishment

Back 16

Treating pedophiles or disulfiram for alcoholics

Front 17

3-term contingency

Back 17

Antecedent (event immed before behavior), Behavior, & Conseq (event immed after)

Front 18

Reinforcement schedules

Back 18

Continuous (rapid acquistion of behavior) or partial (powerful impact on learning & maintains behavior)

Front 19

Types of partial interval schedules

Back 19

Fixed interval, Variable interval, Fixed ratio, Variable ratio

Front 20

What is fixed interval?

Back 20

The 1st response after a fixed time interval is reinforce. Behavior is reinforced if it occurs after time interval has occurred)

Front 21

Charac of fixed interval schedule

Back 21

Rate of responding that inc gradually throughout interval until reinforcement. Post-reinforcement pause

Front 22

What is variable interval?

Back 22

Length of intervalschange unpredictably from one reinforsement to the next. Lengths of intervals vary around some mean value

Front 23

Charac of variable interval schedule?

Back 23

Moderate steady rate of responding. No or very small post-reinforcement pause

Front 24

What is fixed ratio scehdule?

Back 24

Reinforcement occurs ea time a set # of responses of a particular type are emitted (eg every 5th response)

Front 25

Charac of fixed ratio response?

Back 25

High steady rate until reinforcement. Post-reinforcement pause

Front 26

What is variable ratio schedule?

Back 26

# of responses required to produce reinforcement changes unpredictably form one reinforcement to the next (eg an avg of every 5th response)

Front 27

Charac of variable ration schedule?

Back 27

High rate of steday responding, no post-reinforcemetn pause, more resistant to extinction (eg gambling or asking for a date)

Front 28

What is intermittent reinforcement?

Back 28

Maintain behavior by reinforcing it occasionally rather tha every time it occurs.Reinforcer is effective longer, takes longer to extinguish, persists when transferred to natural envir

Front 29

Process of shaping?

Back 29

Id staring behavior, define ea step, move forward in small steps, move back to previous step if lose skill, cont reinforcing behaviors that look more like the final skill

Front 30

What is task analysis?

Back 30

Process of breaking a task down into smaller steps. Smaller steps lead to more reinforcement & more success. Individualize

Front 31

What is cognition?

Back 31

Belief, thought, perception; Learning that occurs due to generalization from experience w/ a past problem. Use previous knowledge to solve new type of problem. Need consideration of relationship in new problem based on previous experience

Front 32

Social learning theory

Back 32

(Albert Bandura) Imitate behavior by watching others. Ext reinforcement not necessary. Develop cognitive rules or strategies to determine future fcns.

Front 33

What is self-efficacy?

Back 33

Belief that one can perform adequately on a given situation

Front 34

What is modeling?

Back 34

Response matches behavior of a model. Present behavior sample, Person observes, Reinforce imitative behavior

Front 35

Triadic Reciprocal Determination

Back 35

Relationship b/w envir, personal, & behavior factors

Front 36

Basic components for modeling?

Back 36

Attention, memory, & modivation. Social learning processes impact the acquistion of self-reg tasks

Front 37

Basic components group therapy?

Back 37

Ability to observe yourself, eval yourself, & modify your rxns