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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Dna is composed of...
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1 strand of sugar (deoxyribose)
1 unit of phosphate 1 nitrogen base |
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What are the DNA nitrogen bases
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Guanine Adenine Cytosine Thymine
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What is Guanine replaced with in RNA
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Uracil
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Complementary base pairing between nitrogen base pairs is...
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Guanine binds with Cytosine
Adenine binds with Thymine |
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Which base pairs are purines and which are pyrimidines?
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Purines = Guanine and Adenine
Pyridamines = Cytosine and Thymine |
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How many rings do purines have? Pyridimines?
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Purines have 2
Pyridimines have 1 |
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In DNA, which is the head end and which is the tail end.
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5 prime end is the head end
3 prime end is the tail end. |
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Define: Okazaki fragment
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Okazaki Fragments are short fragments of DNA created on the lagging strand.
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Which strand is the leading strand
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The leading strand is always the one going in the direction of the replication fork.
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Which is the 5' end and the 3' end.
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The 5' end is the head end and the 3' end is called the tail end. (Fragments go towards the 5' end)
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When does DNA replication occur.
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It occurs in the interphase of mitosis. Before cell division
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Why is DNA replication needed?
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DNA replication provide genetic continuity from one generation to next. Ensures that daughter cells are genetically similar. (genetic problems may occur)
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Define: Protein
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A protein is a 3D biological molecule composed of amino acids (several types).
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Define: Enzyme
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Enzymes are proteins that control the speed of chemical reactions in and between cells.
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How are proteins coded?
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The info for making proteins is coded in the organis base sequences in the cells.
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A single Amino Acid in a protein is specified by how many organic bases in a dna strand?
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3 Organic Bases.
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mRna is formed where? After being formed, it moves where?
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Formed in nucleus, Moves and attaches to ribosomes.
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Define:Ribosomes
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Ribosomes are membrane bound structures where a protein will be formed.
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Define:tRNA
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Single strand, ribose, AUGC. Amino acids attach to tRNA.
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What are the 3 main stop codons?
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UAG, UAA, and UGA
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What are the 3 main start codons
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AUG is the main start codon for most eukaryote organisms. ATG is used in DNA as a start codon also.
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tRNA w/ Amino Acid attach to mRNA at a positions specified by the mRNA code consisting of the correct sequence of organic bases, which is the codon. What do the AAs do?
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The Amino Acids join the preceding AA, and form a chain of Amino Acids, to form protein.
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Define:Transcription
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Transcription is when a DNA molecule unwinds and a portion of 1 strand of nucleotides of bases serves as a template for the formation of mRNA. (Before translation)
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Define:translation
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message of messenger RNA is translated from a sequence of organic bases into a sequence of orgainic bases that form a protein. Occurs in ribosomes in cytoplasm.
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The helicase enzymes in transcription do what
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They break down hydrogen molecules.
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In transcription, one strand is used and the other is what?
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Does nothing.
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Transcription begins where?
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At initiation sites. transcription factors and start codon (AUG) is needed to begin.
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What enzyme catalyzes the process of transcription?
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DNA polymerase II
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Define Exons and Introns
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Exons are regions represented in RNA (of gene). Introns are regions that are not represented in final mRNA. They serve no purpose.
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RNA polymerase III is involved where?
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It is involved with tRNA.
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Define:aminoacyl
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tRNA Synthetases combine correct amino acid w/ tRNA.
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What links codons and anticodons
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Hydrogen bonds.
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Peptide bonds link with AAs tol form
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polypeptides, a small chain of amino acids.
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Define: Point mutation
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minor changes in DNA structure due to misbonding, addition/deletion.
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Define:chromosomal mutation
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visible changes in chromosomal # or structure. Often lethal. Occurs during meiosis when chromosomes are moving.
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