Bryan - Toxicology - Final - Spring 2Nd Year

Front 1

Which of the tremorgens functions by blocking the Ca-dependent K channels?

Back 1

Penitrem A
Lolitrem B

Front 2

Which tremorgen may be found in cheese?

Back 2

Roquefortine C

Front 3

Which of the following are affected by acetylcholinesterase inhibitors?
a) Muscarinic receptors
b) Nicotinic receptors
c) Kappa receptors
d) Autonomic system
e) Skeletal muscle

Back 3

a) Muscarinic receptors
b) Nicotinic receptors
d) Autonomic system
e) Skeletal muscle

Front 4

What are clinical signs of acetylcholinesterase toxicity?

Back 4

SLUDGE
Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea, Gastrointestinal motility, Emesis

Front 5

What are the two main classes of of Ach inhibitors causing toxicity? How is each treated?

Back 5

Organophosphates (Atropine and 2-pam)
Carbamates (Atropine only)

Front 6

Substances that transport ions across membranes are known as...
What are sources of these substances?

Back 6

...ionophores; monovalent polyether antibiotics

Front 7

Which species is especially susceptible to ionophore toxicity? How does this toxicity usually manifest?

Back 7

Horses! From eating cattle or poultry mixes.

Front 8

Which tissues do ionophores affect the most?

Back 8

Cardiac and skeletal muscles.

Front 9

Which tissues are affected the most in ionophore toxicity in the horse? Ox? Poultry? Small Animal? Sheep? Pig?

Back 9

Horse (cardiac)
Ox (cardiac)
Poultry (cardiac & skeletal)
Dog/Cat/Sheep/Pig (skeletal)

Front 10

Which tissues are impacted in grape/raisin toxicity? What animals are susceptible?

Back 10

Nephrotoxic in dogs

Front 11

What are examples of common methylxanthenes (name 3)? What is a source for each?

Back 11

Theobromine (chocolate, cacao)
Theophylline (tea)
Caffeine (coffee)

Front 12

What is the MOA for methylxanthene toxicity?

Back 12

Pick one...most common is inhibition of phosphodiesterase, leading to increased cAMP (leads to increased Ca)

Front 13

Which of the following systems is affected by methylxanthene toxicity?
a) Nervous
b) Endocrine
c) Musculoskeletal
d) Sympathetic
e) GI

Back 13

a) Nervous
b) Endocrine
c) Musculoskeletal
e) GI;
also cardiovascular, renal, and respiratory

Front 14

What are the MAJOR clinical signs seen in methylxanthene toxicity?

Back 14

CNS signs
GI signs (vomit/diarrhea)
Diuresis

Front 15

How is methylxanthene toxicity treated? What specific treatments should be avoided?

Back 15

Tx: decontaminate, emesis, seizure control, monitor ECG
AVOID corticosteroids and erythromycin

Front 16

T or F:
Dogs are more impacted than cats in theobromine poisoning.

Back 16

False. They are impacted equally but dogs have a higher incidence of poisoning.

Front 17

A carbohydrate that acts on the heart is a/an...

Back 17

Cardiac Glycoside

Front 18

Which of the following describes the MOA of cardiac glycoside toxicity?
a) hypokalemia
b) hyperkalemia
c) inhibition of Na/K ATP-ase
d) hypocalcemia
e) hypercalcemia

Back 18

b) hyperkalemia
c) inhibition of Na/K ATP-ase

Front 19

What are the cardiac effects of cardiac glycosides?

Back 19

Increase force of contraction
Reduce heart rate
Increase excitability
Increase automaticity

Front 20

How should cardiac glycoside overdoses be medically treated?

Back 20

Give fluids (non K-containing); maybe add glucose if glucose is not high;
add atropine to treat bradycardia

Front 21

What is a muy caro treatment for digoxin/digitalis overdose?

Back 21

polyclonal anti-digoxin Fab fragments

Front 22

What are the major toxins found in foxglove?

Back 22

Digoxin, Digitoxin, Digitonin

Front 23

What is the latin name for Yew? What are the major toxins found in Yew?

Back 23

Taxus spp. contains Taxine and other taxols

Front 24

What are the latin names for oleander? What are the major toxins found in this plant?

Back 24

Nerium oleander, Cascabela thevetioides, Thevetia thevetioides
whatever
Toxin is Neriine and Oleandrin

Front 25

Which color of oleander is apparently the most toxic?

Back 25

Red!

Front 26

What is the fancy-ass name for DEATH CAMUS??
What are its major toxins?

Back 26

Zigadenus spp.
Zygacine and Zygadenine are the toxins

Front 27

Which part of Death Camus is the most toxic? Which species are most commonly poisoned?

Back 27

All parts toxic, especially bulb!
Sheep!

Front 28

What toxins are found in rhodedendron?

Back 28

Grayanotoxins

Front 29

Which of the following is/are associated with hemolytic anemia?
a) Icterus
b) low PCV
c) Heinz bodies
d) Bilirubinemia

Back 29

all of them!!

Front 30

What are some non-toxic categories of hemolytic anemia (eg: infectious)?

Back 30

Infectious (Lepto, babesia, anaplasma, EIA, bacillary hemeglobinuria)
Autoimmune (neonatal isoerythrolysis)
Nutritional (post parturient due to low P in blood)

Front 31

What other metal is associated with Cu poisoning?

Back 31

Molybdenum

Front 32

What are sources of Cu poisoning?

Back 32

Dietary (excess Cu or insufficient Mo)
Fungicide/algaecides (CuSO4)
Improper mineral choice (poultry or horse minerals to sheep)

Front 33

What is the MOA for Cu poisoning?

Back 33

Cu oxidizes erythrocyte membrane, leading to increased RBC fragility and erythrolysis

Front 34

Which is the most and least susceptible to Cu toxicity? Cattle, sheep, or goats?

Back 34

Cattle (least)
Goats
Sheep (most)

Front 35

How can Cu toxicity be treated?

Back 35

Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate
D-penicillamine ($$$$$$$$)

Front 36

What is the optimal Cu:Mo ratio in the diet?

Back 36

<6:1 Cu:Mo

Front 37

Fancy name for onions?
Major toxin?
MOA?

Back 37

Allium;
N-propyl disulfide (this denatures Hgb)

Front 38

Which plants may be goitrogenic, hemolytic, and cause fog fever?

Back 38

Rape, Kale, Brassica (mustard), cabbage, turnip tops

Front 39

What is the hemolytic toxin found in rape, kale, and brassica?

Back 39

S-methyl cysteine sulfoxide

Front 40

How does cold water cause anemia? In which species does this occur?

Back 40

Calves drink lots-o-water, causing hypotonicity of fluids leading to RBC lysis

Front 41

What does ptaquiloside do to cattle? What plant is this from?

Back 41

Causes bone marrow suppression resulting in pancytopenia, bladder tumors, and hematuria
Caused by Bracken Fern (Pteridium aquilinum)

Front 42

What are the three major toxins that interfere with hemoglobin transport of oxygen?

Back 42

Nitrates/nitrites (NO3/NO2)
Cyanide (CN)
Carbon monoxide (CO)

Front 43

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...bright cherry red blood.

Back 43

CN

Front 44

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...brown blood.

Back 44

NO3

Front 45

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...characterized by methemeglobin production.

Back 45

NO3

Front 46

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...Hemoglobin cannot carry oxygen.

Back 46

NO3

Front 47

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...Hemoglobin cannot unload oxygen into tissues.

Back 47

CN

Front 48

Choose NO3 or CN toxicity...
...inhibits cytochrome oxidase.

Back 48

CN

Front 49

Which plants are mostly responsible for nitrate poisoning? What is their scientific name?

Back 49

Pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus)
Lamb's Quarters (Chenopodium album)
Curly dock (Rumex crispus)
Wheat/Oats/Sorghum/Corn

Front 50

How can nitrate poisoning be treated?

Back 50

Methylene blue reduces methemeglobin to hemoglobin

Front 51

Describe the MOA of nitrate poisoning.

Back 51

NO3 converted to NO2 in rumen;
Oxidizes ferrous heme to ferric heme, creating methemeglobin

Front 52

Which species are most susceptible to nitrate poisoning?
Cyanide poisoning?

Back 52

Ruminants (10x more susceptible to NO3)
Ruminants for CN too!

Front 53

MMMMMM! Smells delicious! Are those almond cookies you have baking in your rumen? NOOOOOOO!!!! It's __________ poisoning!!!

Back 53

CYANIDE

Front 54

Which plants may contain cyanide?

Back 54

Choke cherry
Arrow grass
Sudan grass

Front 55

What are two treatments for CN poisoning? Which treatment is a poison in itself?

Back 55

NaNO2 (causes nitrite poisoning);
Na-thiosulfate

Front 56

What plant is a source of anticoagulant toxicity in ruminants? What is the toxin?

Back 56

Moldy Sweet Clover or sweet vernal grass
Coumarol is converted into dicoumarol in rumen

Front 57

Which of the following are long-acting rodenticides? Which are short acting?
a) coumarol
b) warfarin
c) brodifacoum
d) pindone
e) dicoumarol

Back 57

b) warfarin (short)
c) brodifacoum (long)
d) pindone (short)

Front 58

Which are the only aspects of the coagulation panel to be changed in warfarin toxicity?

Back 58

PT and PTT are increased
I guess ACT would be increased too...

Front 59

T or F:
Secondary toxicosis from the anticoagulant rodenticides is uncommon.

Back 59

True! But remember that BROMETHALIN rodenticides exhibit secondary toxicosis!

Front 60

OK so you know that warfarin f's with vitamin K...what does vitamin K do then, buddy!?

Back 60

Actually, warfarin messes with Vitamin K EPOXIDE REDUCTASE which is needed for factors II, VII, IX, and X

Front 61

How does Snoop Dogg keep his whites so bright??

Back 61

BLEEEEEEEYYYYYYAAAAAATTTCCCHHHH!!!!!

Front 62

How is intoxication with caustic agents treated?

Back 62

NO EMESIS!
Dilute w/water or milk

Front 63

What is the major toxicant in pine oils? What system does it impact the most?

Back 63

Terpene alcohols
Nephrotoxic

Front 64

T or F:
Silica gel isn't really toxic and we probably shouldn't be wasting our time mentioning it.

Back 64

True.
It can expand in the gut which has gotta suck though...

Front 65

What is the toxin found in macademia nuts? What system does it mainly affect?

Back 65

UNKNOWN TOXIN
CNS

Front 66

What are the three major types of zootoxins?

Back 66

Oral poisons
Parenteral poisons (venoms)
Crinotoxins (released into environment)

Front 67

What is the major issue with hymonopteran envenomation?

Back 67

Anaphylaxis!

Front 68

What are the components of honeybee venom and what does each do? Which is the most toxic?

Back 68

Melittin (pain and membrane hydrolysis)
Peptide 401 (MOST TOXIC; mast cell degranulation)
Phospholipase A2 (hemolytic factor w/melittin)
Hyaluronidase (spreading factor)

Front 69

What is the toxic dose for honeybee stings?

Back 69

<14 stings/kg = survival
14 – 24 stings/kg = critical
> 24 stings/kg = DEATH

Front 70

T or F:
Latrodectus spp. have no locally acting toxin to produce inflammation at the site of envenomation.

Back 70

True! These are black widows by the way...

Front 71

What is the black widow toxin? What is the MOA?

Back 71

Alpha latrotoxin
Creates cation channels in presynaptic membrane inhibiting neurotransmission.

Front 72

What are symptoms of black widow envenomation? How is this treated?

Back 72

Pain, abdominal pain, muscle fasciculations, flaccid paralysis, respiratory/CV deficits
Tx: antivenom and Ca gluconate

Front 73

What are the main toxins found in a Loxosceles spp. bite?

Back 73

(Brown recluse spider); Sphingomyelinase-D; Hyaluronidase

Front 74

Which component of brown recluse venom is the major toxin? What is the MOA?

Back 74

Sphingomyelinase-D causes hemolysis, dermatonecrosis, and platelet aggregation.

Front 75

Approximately what percentage of poisonous snake bites actually need no treatment?

Back 75

40% (20% are "dry" bites and 20% are bites with mild envenomation)

Front 76

What are general signs of snake envenomation?

Back 76

Marked regional swelling, coagulopathy, tachycardia, muscle fasciculations, increased salivations, nausea, lethargy, & etc

Front 77

How do systemic lesions differ between cats and dogs in pit viper envenomations?

Back 77

Cats - pulmonary hemorrhage
Dogs - hepatosplenic hemorrhage

Front 78

Which blood chemistry values would be elevated within the first 24 hours post snake envenomation?

Back 78

CK (CPK)

Front 79

Which measures should be AVOIDED when treating pit viper bites?

Back 79

Corticosteroids
Incision + suction
Tourniquet/constricting band
Ice packs
Tranquilizers, antihistimines, aspirin

Front 80

What is the treatment for pit viper bites?

Back 80

Polyvalent antivenin
Shock control

Front 81

What is the scientific name for the rough skinned newt? What is the major toxin found in this creature?

Back 81

Taricha granulosa contains tetrodotoxin

Front 82

What is the MOA of tetrodotoxin?

Back 82

Blocks Na flow in neurons leading to paralysis. Death occurs due to respiratory paralysis.

Front 83

Which is more sensitive to CO poisoning, dogs or cats?

Back 83

Dogs

Front 84

T or F:
Bright red mucous membranes are an effective indicator of CO poisoning in dogs.

Back 84

False! Animals rarely display this.

Front 85

How is CO toxicity treated?

Back 85

Remove from source and give oxygen

Front 86

What is the MOA for meth?

Back 86

Stimulates alpha and beta adrenergics.
Increases catecholamine release.
Inhibits monoamine oxidase and cetecholamine reuptake.

Front 87

How is meth toxicity treated?

Back 87

Detoxify and support
Ascorbic acid or NH4Cl to acidify urine (increases excretion of meth)
Dopamine agonists

Front 88

What is the toxin in marijuana? What is the MOA?

Back 88

THC (tetrahydrocannibinol) stimulates DA release

Front 89

What is the clinical name for PCP? What is its MOA?

Back 89

Phencyclidine is a competitive inhibitor of the glutamate pathway.

Front 90

Which results in stimulation, low dose or high dose PCP?

Back 90

High dose