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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What stimulates oxytocin? What does oxytocin do?
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OxyT stimulated by suckling
OxyT induces milk ejection, myometrial contractility, PRL release, PGF-2a release |
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What stimulates GnRH? What does GnRH do?
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GnRH release affected by progesterone, CRH, and ACTH (all decrease)
GnRH causes FSH and LH release |
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How does GnRH regulate FSH and LH release?
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high amp, low freq = FSH
low amp, high freq = LH |
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What does prolactin do? What stimulates it?
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PRL is stimulated by oxytocin; it does a ton of sh*t, most notably mammary development and milk production
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What does inhibin do? What releases it?
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Inhibin inhibits FSH secretion and downregulates GnRH receptor sensitivity.
Pituitary, granulosa, and sertoli cells release it in response to FSH stimulation. |
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What does relaxin do? Where is it released from?
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Relaxin decreases tissue collagen content.
Released from the placenta in the dog and mare; from the CL in other species. |
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Which subunit of glycoproteins is conserved? Which is modulated?
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Alpha subunit is conserved.
Beta is modulated. |
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What are example of the glycoprotein hormones?
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FSH, LH, eCG, hCG
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What does FSH do? Where is it released from?
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FSH induces spermatogenesis and follicle development, induces aromatase synthesis and LH receptors in granulosa cells.
FSH released from pituitary. |
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What does eCG do? Where is it released from?
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eCG maintains the CL.
Secreted by endometrial cups. |
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What does LH do?
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Increases E2 concentrations (by stimulating androgen secretion)
Mediates CL formation/maintenance. Necessary for follicle maturation and ovulation. |
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What effect does eCG have in non-equine species?
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FSH-like
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What does hCG do in humans? In other animals?
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Humans - CL maintenance
Other animals - LH like |
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What is the major source for estrogens?
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Ovarian follicles
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Describe the 2-cell theory of estrogen generation in like 7 words or less!
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Yeah Milovancev style!
LH stimulates thecal cells to make androgens; FSH stimulates granulosa cells to convert androgens into estrogen. |
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What two hormones do the granulosa cells produce?
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Estrogen
Progesterone |
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What does progesterone do to GnRH? What other hormone has this same effect?
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Progesterone decreases GnRH pulse frequency; testosterone does this too!
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What does PGF-2a do? Where does it come from and what induces it?
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PGF-2a is leuteolytic and enhances uterine clearance. It comes from the endometrium and is induced by oxytocin.
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What are the four factors (2 maternal and 2 fetal) contributing to dystocia?
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Uterine dysfunction
Too narrow birth canal Abnormal fetal presentation Abnormal fetal anatomy |
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What are the fetal Ps?
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Presentation (ass or head first)
Position (where fetal spine is) Posture (posture of head/legs) |
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Which of the following comprise effective pharmaceutical management of dystocias?
a) a single, high dose oxytocin b) multiple (8-10), low-dose oxytocin injections c) low dose prostaglandins d) 2-3 low-dose oxytocin e) doses up to 5IU oxytocin |
d) 2-3 low-dose oxytocin
e) doses up to 5IU oxytocin |
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Name 2 ways to prevent uterine contractions?
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Epidural
Pull on the tongue |
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What are some indications for c-section management of dystocia?
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feto-pelvic disproportion
irreducible torsion incomplete dilation of cervix/canal fetal monster!!! fx pelvis uterine rupture evidence that fetal life is compromised convenience |
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What are some indications for fetotomy?
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Fetal anasarca
Fetal arthrogryposis salvage the dam |
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How can the front legs be differentiated from the back upon palpation per vaginum?
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3 joints in front leg bend same way
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What are the three major categories that a bull must display in order to pass a breeding soundness exam?
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1) ability to detect cow in estrus and libido
2) ability to mount and breed 3) have semen with adequate number of sperm capable of fertilization “he must have the desire to deliver the goods, the ability to deliver the goods and the goods to deliver.” |
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What are the three major components of a breeding soundness exam?
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1) physical exam
2) Reproductive exam 3) semen collection and exam |
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What is the most reliable and reproducible measurement that is indicative of bull semen quality?
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Testicular circumference
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How many sperm must be normal in order to pass a BSE?
a) >50% b) >65% c) >70% d) >75% e) >100% |
c) >70%
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T or F:
During a bovine BSE, if spermatic wave motion is present, the morphological evaluation can be skipped. |
Yup
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A bull that passes a breeding soundness exam should be ___ more fertile than unevaluated bulls?
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6%
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...testis is small and firm. |
Hypoplasia
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...testis is soft. |
Degeneration
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...decreased or absent spermatogenesis. |
Hypoplasia
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...abnormal spermiogram. |
Degeneration
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How long can a single incidence of testicular thermal injury affect sperm quality?
a) 11-14 days b) 21-31 days c) 18-28 days d) 32-42 days |
d) 32-42 days
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Which agents can cause seminal vesiculitis in bulls? Which is the most common agent?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes (most common)
Histophilus somnus IBR virus |
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Which of the following are signs of CHRONIC seminial vesiculitis?
a) pain on palpation b) pus in semen c) reduced fertility d) peritonitis |
b) pus in semen
c) reduced fertility (NO EXTERNAL signs w/chronic seminal vesiculitis) |
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What are some treatments for chronic, non-responsive seminal vesiculitis?
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Inject formalin
surgical removal (ventral pararectal) anti-inflammatory cull |
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Which ligament holds the bovid penis straight?
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Dorsal (apical) ligament
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Which of the following are congruent with "broken penis" in a bull?
a) rupture of the tunica albuginea b) usually polled hereford c) results in transverse tear of retractor penis muscle d) can only be treated surgically |
a) rupture of the tunica albuginea
b) usually polled hereford note: this results in a transverse tear OPPOSITE the retractor penis; 70-80% return to service after surgery but sx not always necessary |
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...testis is small and firm. |
Hypoplasia
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...testis is soft. |
Degeneration
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...decreased or absent spermatogenesis. |
Hypoplasia
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Choose testicular hypoplasia or degeneration...
...abnormal spermiogram. |
Degeneration
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How long can a single incidence of testicular thermal injury affect sperm quality?
a) 11-14 days b) 21-31 days c) 18-28 days d) 32-42 days |
d) 32-42 days
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Which agents can cause seminal vesiculitis in bulls? Which is the most common agent?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes (most common)
Histophilus somnus IBR virus |
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Which of the following are signs of CHRONIC seminial vesiculitis?
a) pain on palpation b) pus in semen c) reduced fertility d) peritonitis |
b) pus in semen
c) reduced fertility (NO EXTERNAL signs w/chronic seminal vesiculitis) |
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What are some treatments for chronic, non-responsive seminal vesiculitis?
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Inject formalin
surgical removal (ventral pararectal) anti-inflammatory cull |
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Which ligament holds the bovid penis straight?
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Dorsal (apical) ligament
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Which of the following are congruent with "broken penis" in a bull?
a) rupture of the tunica albuginea b) usually polled hereford c) results in transverse tear of retractor penis muscle d) can only be treated surgically |
a) rupture of the tunica albuginea
b) usually polled hereford note: this results in a transverse tear OPPOSITE the retractor penis; 70-80% return to service after surgery but sx not always necessary |
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Where does preputial avulsion typically occur?
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Just behind the free end of the penis
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In which cattle breeds is preputial prolapse common?
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Brahman
Brahman cross Angus Polled hereford |
