Bryan - Systemic Pathology - Respiratory System - Fall 2Nd Yr

Front 1

What are the three ports of entry of microbes to the respiratory system? which is most common?

Back 1

Aerogenous (most common)
hematogenous
direct extension

Front 2

What are some defense mechanisms of the respiratory system?

Back 2

coughing/sneezing
mucociliary transport
phagocytosis
anatomy (shape of sinuses & etc)
Mucosal immunity (IgA)

Front 3

T or F:
Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages have a long lifespan.

Back 3

False! Short lifespan

Front 4

What are some bacteria that are resistant to intracellular killings?

Back 4

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Listeria monocytogenes
Brucella abortus
Salmonella spp.

Front 5

What are some major causes of impairment of respiratory defenses?

Back 5

Viral infxn
Toxic gases
Immunodeficiency
Others (uremia, dehydration, endotoxemia, starvation, & etc)

Front 6

T or F:
Congenital anomalies of the nasal cavity are rare in domestic animals.

Back 6

True!

Front 7

What are some fatal congenital anomalies of the nasal cavity?

Back 7

choanal atresia
chondrodysplasia
osteopetrosis

Front 8

What are some non-fatal congenital anomalies of the nasal cavity?

Back 8

palatoschisis
cystic nasal conchae
deviated nasal septum
cleft upper lip
hypoplastic turbinates

Front 9

What are fxns of Clara cells in lung defense?

Back 9

Detoxify
protective secretions against inflammation and oxidative stress

Front 10

what are 3 causes of impaired defense mechanisms in the respiratory system?

Back 10

Viral infxn
immunodeficiency disorders
toxic gas inhalation

Front 11

T or F:
Olfactory epithelial cells are incapable of regeneration.

Back 11

True

Front 12

In which portion of the respiratory system will fibrosis have the greatest impact?

Back 12

Respiratory portion (alveoli)

Front 13

Aspiration pneumonia is associated with which common congenital anomaly?

Back 13

palatoschissis (cleft palate)

Front 14

Which 2 species most often develop chronic allergic bronchial disease?

Back 14

Horses and cats

Front 15

irreversible dilation of the airways is....

Back 15

...bronchiectasis

Front 16

What is a common cause of maxillary sinusitis?

Back 16

tooth root abscesses

Front 17

What pathogen commonly causes chronic sinusitis in cats?

Back 17

Cryptococcus

Front 18

What species is most prone to pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia?

Back 18

horses

Front 19

What happens to dogs infected by Bordetella bronchiseptica? Cats?

Back 19

Dogs - kennel cough
cats - death!

Front 20

An animal with a mass lesion in the nasal cavity would have...

Back 20

...facial deformity
sneezing
noisy breathing
among other stuff..

Front 21

What is a common mass associated with the ethmoid concha of sheep, goats, and cattle?

Back 21

Neoplasia due to transmissible oncongenic retrovirus

Front 22

What are 2 types of non-neoplastic lesions in the nasal cavity that can resemble neoplasia? What animals commonly get these?

Back 22

nasal cysts (horses)
polyps (cats and horses)

Front 23

decreased inflation of lung tissue is known as...

Back 23

....atelectasis

Front 24

What are some causes of atelectasis?

Back 24

congenital (issue w/surfactant)
acquired (compressive or obstructive)

Front 25

increased inflation of lung tissue is...

Back 25

...emphysema

Front 26

Which animal is prone to emphysema?

Back 26

cattle!

Front 27

T or F:
Emphysema is always secondary in animals.

Back 27

True (can be primary in humans)

Front 28

What are the most common types of pulmonary emboli in animals?

Back 28

thromboemboloism
septic emboli
fat emboli
tumor cell emboli
parastic emboli

Front 29

From whence do fat-based pulmonary emboli typically arise?

Back 29

fractures (fairly insignificant in animals)

Front 30

Why is it hard to cause pulmonary infarction due to emboli? Which other organs are similar?

Back 30

lots of collateral circulation
liver and GI system are similar (just not cecum)

Front 31

3 primary causes of impaired defense mechanisms

Back 31

viral

toxic gases immunodeficiency

Front 32

what kind of cough would inflammation cause? lung infection?

nose inflammation or septal defect?

Back 32

a dry cough

moist cough

honking

Front 33

name some causes of serous exudate from the nose

Back 33

virus

allergens

Front 34

name some causes of epistaxis

Back 34

hemorrhage of capillaries in the nose

infection on the pharynx, larynx all nose= inflammation= nose bleed

Front 35

in ONE species, nose bleeding indicates a LOWER respiratory problem what is it?

Back 35

horses.

Front 36

what does an increased respiratory rate indicate in terms of lung health?

Back 36

inadequate oxygen exchange, some sort of lung damage

Front 37

if an animal has an increased difficulty on expiration, what could it indicate?

Back 37

COPD

difficult with elastic recoil

airway blockage

Front 38

will an animal cough with pleuritis?

Back 38

no.

Front 39

whats the discharge if sinuses are in trouble?

Back 39

often times there is no discharge!

Front 40

what does a cleft palate lead to?

Back 40

aspiration pneumonia

Front 41

what dog breeds are likely to have URIs?

Back 41

brachycpehalic

Front 42

what's inflammation of the nasal cavity? sinuses? larynx?

Back 42

rhinitis

sinusitis

laryngitis

Front 43

whats inflammation of the pharynx? trachea? bronchitis?

Back 43

pharyngitis

tracheitis

bronchitis

Front 44

what 2 animal species most often develop chronic allergic bronchial disease?

Back 44

horses and cats

Front 45

horses and cats often get chronic allergic bronchial diseases. what are their individual causes?

Back 45

horses= COPD=heaves

cats= feline asthma

Front 46

what's bronchiectasis? what causes it?

Back 46

bronchial dilation

end stage bronchiole disease

bronchioles become scarred

Front 47

clinical signs of nasal cavity/sinus inflammation

Back 47

sneezing

facial deformity

nasal or occular discharge

Front 48

common cause of maxillary sinusitis in horses and dogs?

Back 48

tooth infection

Front 49

if you have a sinus problem that moved to the brain, what are the two most likely pathogens?

Back 49

neoplasm

fungi

Front 50

what bacteria causes gelatinous exudate in the sinuses of cats?

Back 50

cryptococcus

Front 51

what species is most prone to pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia? what age are most prone of this species?

Back 51

horses

(think of strangles)

1-3 years, just moved to the racetrack

Front 52

what two pathogens love to infect guttural pouches?

Back 52

aspergillis (fungus)

streptococcus equi

Front 53

how on earth can a guttural pouch infection lead to larygneal hyperplasia?

Back 53

plaque gets into internal carotid artery, gets into internal carotid, embolises to cerebral artery, causes damage to cranial nerve

Front 54

what species is prone to getting necrotizing laryngitis? what's the pathogen? predisposing factors to getting this?

Back 54

calves

fusobacterium necrophorum

feed lots, oral ulcers, rough hay

Front 55

name some clinical signs of necrotic laryngitis

what secondary pathological process can happen?

Back 55

moist cough

laryngeal edema

focal necrosis

nasal discharge

aspiration pneumonia of exudate, septicemia

Front 56

what can hapen with severe laryngeal edema?

Back 56

asphyxiation

respiratory distress

exercise intolerance

Front 57

what's the most common type of pathogen that causes tracheal exudate?

Back 57

viral

Front 58

most common cause of nasal/laryngeal/tracheal inflammation in a dog?

Back 58

dog: bordetella bronchiseptica

cats: chronic upper respiratory disease

horses: EHV-1 and strep equi

cattle: IBR, necrotic laryngitis

Front 59

nasal discharge, sneezing, mouth breathing, increased lacrimation. sinus problem or nasal cavity problem?

Back 59

nasal cavity

Front 60

neoplasms can appear in the nasal cavity and sinuses. what are two mass lesions that RESEMBLE neoplasia? who's prone to what?

Back 60

inflammatory polyp--cat and horse

nasal/sinus cyst--horse

Front 61

horses are prone to a mass lesion in the ethmoids that no other species has. what is it and who's prone to it? clinical signs?

Back 61

ethmoidal hematoma

older horses get it

epistaxis

Front 62

how often do mass lesions get bacterial infections?

Back 62

often

Front 63

name some causes of atelectasis in a baby animal

Back 63

congenital abnormality--obstruction of airways or lack of surfactant

Front 64

name some compressive causes of atelectasis

Back 64

-obstruction of bronchioles

-transfer of pressures from other areas (hydrothorax, hemothorax)

-loss of negative pressure

Front 65

name some ways that airways get a decreased diameter. what does it cause?

Back 65

mucosal edema/inflammation

mucus exudates

aspirated foreign material

lungworms

causes atelectasis

Front 66

is emphysema a primary or secondary lesion? what is associated with?

Back 66

secondary

bronchopneumonia--one way valve efect

Front 67

what are the two forms of emphysema? there's a species that's very prone to getting one type. who?

Back 67

alveolar

interstitial--cow

Front 68

most common types of pulmonary emoboli in animals?

Back 68

fibrin thromboemboli

septic emboli

tumor cell emboli

gas/air emboli

Front 69

which type of emboli can cause death in large numbers?

Back 69

septic emboli

Front 70

thrombi in the lung causes____ instead of _____ because of _____

Back 70

edema

infarct

dual circulation

Front 71

what are the 4 lesions that cause diffuse lesion in the lung?

Back 71

pulmonary congestion/hyperemia

pulmonary hemorrhage

pulmonary edema

interstial lesions

Front 72

does pulmonary congestion/hyperemia interfere with gas exchange? hemorrhage?

Back 72

no.

yes

Front 73

what are the two terms for increased blood in pulmonary vasculature? does it feel different on palpation?

Back 73

hyperemia and congestion

no they do not feel different on palpation

Front 74

what's a cause of hyperemia?

Back 74

acute inflammation

Front 75

do hyperemia and congestion lead to a functional deficit in the lung? answer carefully

Back 75

initially no but it can leads to edema

Front 76

name some possible causes of pulmonary hemorrhage

Back 76

trauma

coagulopathy

DIC

ruptured abscess

pulmonary thromboembolism

sepsis

vascultis

Front 77

what's the term for fluid accumulation in the alveoli?

Back 77

alveolar edema/pulmonary edema

Front 78

what are the type types of pulmonary edema and what are their causes?

Back 78

passive--from increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased oncotic piressure

active--increased vascular permeability from inflammation, shock, toxins

Front 79

name some causes of decreased oncotic pressure

Back 79

nephrogenic syndrome

albumen loss

protein losing enteropathy

impaired lymphatic drainage

Front 80

name some causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

Back 80

iatrogenic fluid overload

pulmonary hypertension

congestive heart failure

Front 81

you see pulmonary alveolar macrophages. is it inflammation?

Back 81

not necessarily. often just clearing debris or fluid

Front 82

name two causes for diffuse interstial changes in the lungs

Back 82

interstitial pneumonia

diffuse alveolar injury

Front 83

whatsards?

Back 83

acute respiratory distress syndrome

hyperactive macs release too much cytokines causing endothelial and alveolar damage causing pulmonary edema

Front 84

whats uremic pneumonopathy?

Back 84

mineralization of alveolar walls due either to chronic uremia of dystrophic mineralization

(also can be caused by ingestion of vitamin D)

Front 85

if you see bronchopneumonia, what's the agent? clinical signs?

Back 85

bacteria

coughing, poor growth/failure to thrive, fever

NO URI= no nasal discharge

Front 86

aspergillus loves to cause pneumonia. what's the morph dx for the lesions?

Back 86

multifocal granulomatous pneumonia or multifocal pulmonary granulomas

Front 87

what's a granuloma?

Back 87

type of granulomatous inflammation with layers: neutrophil in center, macrophages outside that, and lymphocytes and plasma cells outside that

Front 88

what's granulomatous inflammation? granulation tissue?

Back 88

granulomatous inflammation= exudate of activated MO, lymphocytes, and plasma cells

granulation tissue= exposed CT formed in a healing wound, causing proud flesh

Front 89

what would you expect to see grossly with embolic pneumonia? interstitial pneumonia?

Back 89

embolic: multifocal inflammatory foci

interstitial: mottled, heavy, wet lungs with rib imprints

Front 90

what would you expect to see grossly with pneumonia due to dictyocaulus in cattle? what's the specific pattern?

Back 90

-bronchus full of lungworms and clear foamy fluid

-pattern is dorsocaudal

Front 91

what pattern would you expect to see grossly with aspiration penumonia?

Back 91

cranioventral firmness with purulent exudates

Front 92

true or false: with aspiration pneumonia you see an acute necrosis of bronchi?

Back 92

true! bacteria lauge and cause fibrinosupurative bronchopneumonia

Front 93

what lung distribution is toxic lung injury? viral?

Back 93

both are interstitial

Front 94

two species get bronchopneumonia syndrome. what are they? hint: in both species, they're referred to as "shipping fever"

Back 94

horses

cattle

Front 95

whats the major agent of bronchopneumonia in pigs?

Back 95

bacterial: mycoplasm hyponeumonia

viral: influenza, PRRS, coronovirus

Front 96

major agents of bronchopneumonia in cattle?

Back 96

mannhemia hemolytica, histophilus somni, mycoplasma

viral: infectious bovine rhinotracheitis

Front 97

what's the GENERAL infectious agent associated with bronchopneumonia in animals?

Back 97

bacteria

Front 98

what are the most likely agents for bronchopenumonia in lambs?

Back 98

mannhemia hemolytica, pasteurella multocida

Front 99

what are the most likely agents for bronchopneumonia in dogs?

Back 99

viral: influenza, adenovirus

bacterial: various

Front 100

in cats, what bacterial agent can cause severe and lethal bronchopneumonia?

Back 100

bordetella bronchiseptica

Front 101

what does bordetella bronchiseptica cause in dogs? (what are the itises?)

Back 101

tracheobronchitis, laryngotracheitis

Front 102

clinical signs of interstitial pneumonia?

Back 102

labored breathing

unproductive cough

increased respiratory rate

Front 103

overall, are lungs with interstitial pneumonia expanded or collapsed? surface features? texture?

Back 103

expanded

lung impressions

meaty, heavy, rubbery

Front 104

what are the three things at necropsy that indicate interstitial pneumonia?

Back 104

lungs fail to collapse when chest is opened

rib impression

lack of exudate in airways, yet firmness of lungs

Front 105

2 main routes of entry that cause interstitial pnemonia?

Back 105

aerogenous and hematogenous

Front 106

name some general causes of interstitial pneumonia in all species?

Back 106

viral and bacterial are the top two

type 3 hypersensitivity (can be triggered by fungal spores)

toxic gases

larval migrans

Front 107

name an major cause of interstitial pneumonia in cattle. whats the pathophys?

Back 107

l-tryptophan is inhaled and convered by clara cells into toxic substances, causing toxic injury

Front 108

name a cause for interstitial pnemonia in a young horse. older horse?

Back 108

young horse: fatal interstitial pneumonia of foals. no one knows why this happens

older horse: EHV5, looks like granulomas/tumors on rads

Front 109

name a cause for interstitial pneumonia in sheep and goats. what's weird about this diseases?

Back 109

maedi-visna, aka ovine progressive pneumonia

what's weird is that clinical signs show up more in older animals than in younger ones

Front 110

name some types of tumors that often metastasize to the lungs

Back 110

carcinomas: mammary, uterine, thyroid

sarcomas: osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, malignant melanoma, lymphoma, vx site sarcoma

Front 111

common cause of granulomatous inflammation in birds? dogs and cats? ruminants?

Back 111

aspergillus

dogs and cats: blastomyces, histoplasma, coccioides, crytpococcus

ruminants: muelleris. fungal

Front 112

what zoonotic disease causes granulomatous inflammation?

Back 112

tuberculosis

Front 113

what's the term for pleural calcification? what's the underlying cause?

Back 113

uremic frosting

mineralization

chronic uremia

Front 114

define effusion

Back 114

the escape of fluid from the blood vessels/lymphatics into the tissues or a cavity

Front 115

true or false: causes of passive effusion are pretty much identical to the causes of passive edema

Back 115

true

Front 116

true or false: causes of active effusion are pretty much the same as active edema

Back 116

true

Front 117

true or false: serous fluid from thoracocentesis indicates a viral infection

Back 117

FALSE. serous in URI means viral

Front 118

name a couple causes for pyothorax

Back 118

bacterial infection

FIP

ruptured pulmonary abscess

sepsis

Front 119

definition of chylothorax

Back 119

lymph in thoracic cavity

Front 120

name a cause of pleuritis NOT associated with penumonia

Back 120

grass awns

Front 121

name some common causes of pleuritis in dogs and cats

Back 121

bacterial

inhaled plant material

FIP (cats)

Front 122

tell me about the exudate of FIP

Back 122

more cellular than serous, fewer netrophils than pyothorax

Front 123

causes of pleuritis in horses and cows

Back 123

bacterial

horses: rhodoccocus equi and nocardia

cows: manhnhemia

Front 124

what are the complications of a pleural effusion?

Back 124

difficulty expanding lung= poor oxygenation of tissues

exercise intolerance