Bryan - Syspath - Hematopoetic System - Fall 2Nd Year

Front 1

What are the two cell lines of the hematopoetic system?

Back 1

Myeloid and Lymphoid lines

Front 2

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Erythroblast

Back 2

Myeloid

Front 3

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Plasma Cell

Back 3

Lymphoid

Front 4

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Neutrophil

Back 4

Myeloid

Front 5

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Monocyte

Back 5

Myeloid

Front 6

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...T-cell

Back 6

Lymphoid

Front 7

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Eosinophil

Back 7

Myeloid

Front 8

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Basophil

Back 8

Myeloid

Front 9

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...Mast Cell

Back 9

Myeloid

Front 10

What are some very general causes of cytopenias in peripheral blood?

Back 10

Increased demand/decreased supply.
Decreased hematopoesis.
Hoarding (sequestration of platelets in spleen - rare)

Front 11

What are some complications/implications for -cytosis for each cell line?

Back 11

Thrombocytosis = thrombi
Leukocytosis = bacterial infxn; leukemia
Lymphocytosis = viral infxn; leukemia
Erythrocytosis = increased viscosity; heart and circulatory issues (hypertension)

Front 12

What region(s) of adult long bones has active marrow?

Back 12

at the ends
thin line at diaphysis

Front 13

What tissue can easily be sampled to ascertain the status of bone marrow?

Back 13

blood

Front 14

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...NK cell.

Back 14

Lymphoid.

Front 15

Choose myeloid or lymphoid...
...platlets.

Back 15

Myeloid.

Front 16

What is the production time and half life of a neutrophil?

Back 16

6D production;
6-8hr half life

Front 17

What is the production time and half life of a monocyte?

Back 17

1.5D production;
20h half life

Front 18

What is the production time and half life of a erythrocyte?

Back 18

4D production;
half life of months

Front 19

What is the production time and half life of a platelet?

Back 19

4D production;
10d half life

Front 20

What is the term describing band neutrophils outnumbering segmented neutrophils?

Back 20

Degenerative left shift.

Front 21

What is the term describing when there are increased band neutrophils?

Back 21

Left shift

Front 22

What does MCV stand for?
A low MCV is called_________
Normal MCV is called _________
A high MCV is called _________

Back 22

Mean corpuscular volume;
Microcytic
Normocytic
Macrocytic

Front 23

What does MCH stand for?

Back 23

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin

Front 24

What does MCHC stand for?

Back 24

Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration

Front 25

What cell type should be seen in regenerative anemias?

Back 25

Reticulocytes

Front 26

What stain is used to visualize reticulocytes?

Back 26

New Methlyene Blue stain

Front 27

What are some causes of intravascular hemolysis?

Back 27

Osmolarity disturbances
Parasites (protozoal)
Toxins
Immune mediated (complement)
Hemolytic bacteria (clostridium; lepto)
Oxidative injury
DIC (RBCs hit clots)

Front 28

What are some causes of extravascular hemolysis?

Back 28

Pretty much same as intravascular; just occurs outside of vessel
Lysis can occur in macrophage or endothelial cell

Front 29

What is a major cause of extravascular hemolysis?

Back 29

Immune mediated (tagged by Ab then engulfed by macrophage)

Front 30

What are terms used to denote hemoglobin content?

Back 30

Hypochromic
Normochromic
Hyperchromic

Front 31

What do you look for in horses with regenerative anemia?

Back 31

look for RBC size increase; you WON'T see reticulocytes!

Front 32

What is pink to red plasma indicative of?

Back 32

hemolysis

Front 33

What are the arrows denoting on these RBCs? What is the cause of these?

Back 33

Heinz bodies;
denatured Hb due to oxidative stress

Front 34

What is the proposed toxin in Red Maple Toxicity? What animal does it affect? What organs?

Back 34

Gallic acid causes anemia and nephrotoxicity in horses.

Front 35

What kind of hemolysis does Anaplasmosis cause?

Back 35

Extravascular hemolysis.

Front 36

What kind of hemolysis does Babesiosis cause?

Back 36

Intra and extravascular.

Front 37

What are three possible causes of red to dark red/brown urine? What should plasma look like in each case?

Back 37

Moglobinuria (normal plasma)
Hemoglobinuria (pink/red plasma)
Hematuria (normal plasma)

Front 38

At what level does Hb "spill over" into the urine with intravascular hemolysis?

Back 38

150 mg/dl

Front 39

How does Cu toxicity cause hemolysis? Is it intravascular or extravascular?

Back 39

Oxidative stress on RBCs causes intravascular hemolysis

Front 40

Where are good regions to sample bone marrow in adult animals?

Back 40

Ends of long bones
Flat bones
Sternum & ribs, neck of femur, iliac crest

Front 41

What is the normal ratio of myeloid:erythroid cells in a bone marrow aspirate?

Back 41

2:1 myeloid:erythroid

Front 42

What are some causes of hypoplasia or aplasia of bone marrow?

Back 42

Viral insults (FeLV, BVDV, Parvo)
Immune-mediated
Chemical insults (chemotherapy)
Radiation
Disease continuum (may sample in type of hypocellularity during "cleanup")

Front 43

T or F:
Bone marrow hyperplasia is a common change.

Back 43

True!

Front 44

What is the process here?

Back 44

Focus of suppurative osteomyelitis.

Front 45

What are some rare findings upon examination of a bone marrow aspirate?

Back 45

Lymphocyte clusters
Plasma cells
Fibrosis

Front 46

Displacement of marrow cells due to alterations in architecture is known as...
What are common causes of this?

Back 46

...myelophthisis;
caused by myelofibrosis or myeloproliferative disease

Front 47

Non-leukemic maturation abnormalities in marrow cells is known as...
What is the outcome of this state?

Back 47

...myelodysplasia;
Outcome is marrow failure or neoplasm.

Front 48

This liver protein blocks iron absorption from gut and iron release from storage sites.

Back 48

Hepcidin

Front 49

What substances upregulate ferritin? What is the result of this upregulation?

Back 49

TNFa and IFNy;
more Fe storage and erythropoesis inhibition

Front 50

What are causes/factors involved in non-regenerative anemia?

Back 50

Fe deficiency
Fe storage (hepcidin; ferritin)
Steroid overabundance
Lack of stem cells
Myelofibrosis/myeloproliferative/myelodysplastic diseases

Front 51

Malignant cells in circulation =

Back 51

Leukemia

Front 52

What are the types of primary neoplasia affecting bone marrow?

Back 52

Myeloproliferative neoplasia
Lymphoproliferative neoplasia
Stromal tumors (more of regular 'ol bone tumors)

Front 53

What is the difference between acute and chronic myelo/lymphoproliferative neoplasia?

Back 53

Acute involves younger cells (more blastic), is more aggressive, shorter clinical course and more responsive to treatment

Front 54

What causes “punch-out” radiolucent lesions in radiographs?

Back 54

Plasma cell myeloma

Front 55

What organ(s) are often enlarged in myeloproliferative disease?

Back 55

Spleen and liver

Front 56

What marker is used to denote T-cells? B-cells?

Back 56

CD3 = T
CD79a = B

Front 57

What develops in the follicular centers of lymph nodes?

Back 57

B cells

Front 58

What are some causes of small lymph nodes?

Back 58

Atrophy (aging, cachexia, starving)
Hypoplasia (lack of stimulation)
Necrosis
Immunodeficiency cause

Front 59

What are some causes of lymph node necrosis?

Back 59

Viral (FeLV, BVDV, EHV)
Drugs
Severe sepsis

Front 60

What are some causes of big-ass lymph nodes?

Back 60

Hyperplasia
Neoplasia
Inflammation
Circulatory disturbances (edema)

Front 61

What are hyperplastic causes of lymph node enlargement?

Back 61

Antigenic stimulation (eg: immunization)
Hyperplasia of MPS elements (more filtering or storage)

Front 62

Name this disease!
Name the agent!
What other diseases does this agent cause?

Back 62

Caseous lymphadenitis;
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis;
also causes Pigeon Breast and contagious acne in horses

Front 63

Chronic, suppurative lymphadenitis in a horse is known as...
What is the pathogen?

Back 63

STRANGLES;
Streptococcus equi

Front 64

What are signs of chronic lymphadenitis?

Back 64

Lymph node is "fixed" in tissues
Fibrosis
May be abscesses present

Front 65

What is the general treatment for any suppurative lymphadenitis? What are common pathogens causing this?

Back 65

Drain the sucka!
Strep. zooepidemicus, Strep. equi, Arcanobacterium pyogenes

Front 66

What agents cause granulomatous lymphadenitis?
What are the characteristic cells?

Back 66

Fungi
Mycobacterium
Foreign body
Parasites
Porcine Circovirus
(Macrophages and multinucleate giant cells)

Front 67

What kind of lymphadenitis is associated with salmon poisoning, leishmaniasis, and Ehrlichiosis?

Back 67

Histiocytic lymphadenitis

Front 68

What would a FNA of a hyperplastic lymph node look like?

Back 68

pretty normal

Front 69

Where does metastatic neoplasia first occur in a lymph node?

Back 69

subcapsular sinus

Front 70

Regarding staging of neoplasms using a lymph node, what does 1 and 2 mean?

Back 70

1 = lymph node involved but freely movable
2 = enlarged and fixed

Front 71

What are the medullary changes seen in stimulated lymph nodes? What are the names for these changes?

Back 71

B cells migrate to medullary cords = Medullary plasmacytosis
Increased histiocytes in medulla = Sinus histiocytosis

Front 72

What is the most common category of malignancy in the animal kingdom? Which animals is this the MOST common in?

Back 72

Lymphoproliferative disease;
#1 in cats, pigs, sheep, calves
#2 in cows
common in horses and dogs

Front 73

Why is lymphoma so common?

Back 73

Lymphocytes constantly changing genes to deal w/antigens; leads to mutations.

Front 74

What are the three classification systems for lymphoma?

Back 74

Anatomic
Histologic
Immunophenotype

Front 75

T or F:
Abnormal leukograms in dogs commonly accompany lymphoma.

Back 75

False! Often have normal leukograms (80% of dogs do)

Front 76

What will cytology of a lymph node with lymphoma look like? Histo?

Back 76

Cyto - don't get normal mix of lymphocytes
Histo - uniform population of cells

Front 77

What are the 5 clinical stages of lymphoma?

Back 77

1 - single node involved
2 - 2 or more lnn. in a region
3 - generalized lymphadenopathy
4 - liver and/or spleen involved
5 - bone marrow involved

Front 78

What is the common presentation of canine lymphoma?

Back 78

multicentric enlarged lymph nodes; no leukemia
possibly paraneoplastic effect (hypercalcemia)

Front 79

What is the common presentation of feline lymphoma?

Back 79

alimentary site most common (also nasopharyngeal)
non-regenerative, normochromic, normocytic anemia
Typically FeLV

Front 80

What are the two types of Bovine Lymphoma? What is the cause of each?

Back 80

Enzootic - viral (Bovine Leukemia Virus)
Sporadic (not viral)

Front 81

What is the presentation of enzootic bovine lymphoma?

Back 81

multicentric, multifocal LN involvement
persistent lymphocytosis in 30% of animals

Front 82

What are tumor sites for enzootic bovine lymphoma?

Back 82

lymph nodes
heart (right atrium)
abomasum (bleeding ulcer)
uterus
spinal cord (lameness)

Front 83

What are the types of sporadic bovine lymphoma?

Back 83

Calf type - leukemia
Juvenile type - thymic
Skin type - adult; slowly progressive

Front 84

What are causes of lymphoma in chickens? What is the pathogen? What cell type is affected?

Back 84

Marek's Disease (herpesvirus) - T-cells
Lymphoid Leukosis (retrovirus) - B-cells

Front 85

What is the test for EIA? What protein is tested for?

Back 85

ELISA and Coggins test; look for p26

Front 86

What is the main pathogenesis of acute EIA?

Back 86

Lentivirus infection multiplies in tissue macrophages; humoral immunity activated; Ag/Ab complexes; fever/anemia/complement; Fe sequesteration (more anemia); virus controlled until new variant

Front 87

What are functions of the spleen?

Back 87

Filters blood
White pulp contributes to immune system
Fe and blood storage
Extramedullary hematopoiesis

Front 88

A brown splenic color change is common in which species? What pigment is responsible?

Back 88

Common in dogs;
caused by hemosiderin

Front 89

What should be found in a blood smear of an EIA infected horse?

Back 89

Sideroleukocytes

Front 90

What do you call the plaques depicted here? What is the significance?

Back 90

Siderofibrotic or siderocalcitic plaques;
incidental findings, may be healed lesions from bleeding

Front 91

What are some possible causes for misshapen or small spleen?

Back 91

Congenital anamolies (hyposplenism - rare)
Atrophy
Starvation
Age-related change
Immunodeficiency (reduced wht pulp)
Contraction (trauma)
Chronic pooling causes ischemia

Front 92

What are some general causes for diffuse splenomegaly?

Back 92

Increased RBCs
Hyperplasia
Lymphoma
Circulatory disturbances (torsion)
Amyloid
Inflammation (diffuse)

Front 93

What are some causes of splenic hyperplasia?

Back 93

Extramedullary hematopoesis
Increased lymphatic tissue (due to antigenic stimulation)

Front 94

What are causes of splenomegaly due to increased RBCs?

Back 94

Massive congestion
Barbituate anesthesia

Front 95

Hypersplenism is common in which animal? What process causes hypersplenism?

Back 95

Domestic ferrets;
Spleen sequesters subpopulation of RBCs, causes peripheral cytopenia

Front 96

What are some processes resulting in nodular splenomegaly?

Back 96

Circulatory (incomplete contraction, hematoma)
Focal inflammation
Nodular hyperplasia
Neoplasia (primary and secondary)

Front 97

What are common causes of nodular splenic hyperplasia?

Back 97

Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Lymphoid hyperplasia

Front 98

How does acute splenitis manifest? How will the cut surface look? What is a pathogen that causes this?

Back 98

Coagulation cascade activated --> blood pooling in spleen;
Cut surface = ooze thick tarry blood
Anthrax causes this

Front 99

What is the classic anthrax-caused lesion of the spleen?

Back 99

Blackberry jam lesion

Front 100

What condition do humans develop with anthrax infection?

Back 100

Hemorrhagic meningitis

Front 101

What transmissible diseases will cause a hemorrhagic spleen?

Back 101

Yersinia pestis; Y. pseudotuberculosis; Francisella tularensis

Front 102

What are reservoirs for Francisella tularensis? For Yersinia pestis?

Back 102

F. tularensis = rodent/beaver
Y. pestis = rodent/lagamorph

Front 103

A red, soft splenic tumor would likely be a(n)...

Back 103

Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma

Front 104

A meaty cream to white splenic tumor would likely be a(n)...

Back 104

Lymphoma

Front 105

A very firm, light colored splenic tumor would likely be a(n)...

Back 105

Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma

Front 106

What is the function of the thymus?

Back 106

To train retarded T-cells

Front 107

What are some causes for a small thymus?

Back 107

age
hypoplasia
malnutrition
toxins

Front 108

What are some causes of a big thymus? Which causes are pretty unlikely?

Back 108

hemorrhage
congenital cysts (rare)
inflammation (rare)
neoplasia
hyperplasia (rare)

Front 109

What are the two types of primary neoplasia possible in the thymus? What species are linked with each?

Back 109

Thymoma (old goats)
lymphoma (cows and young cats)

Front 110

What condition is sometimes linked with a thymoma?

Back 110

Myasthenia gravis

Front 111

This condition of horses involves deficiencies in B and T cells.

Back 111

Combined Immunodeficiency Disease

Front 112

What would the expected presentation/findings of a CID horse be?

Back 112

Young arab horse.
Lots of secondary infections.
Small, underpopulated lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus.

Front 113

What are common secondary infections in a CID horse?

Back 113

Cryptosporidia
Pneumocystis carnii in lungs

Front 114

Besides CID, what are some other primary immunodeficiencies discussed in class?

Back 114

Chediak-Higashi syndrome
Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
Equine aggamaglobinunimea

Front 115

What primary immunodeficiency involves granule defects?

Back 115

Chediak-Higashi syndrome

Front 116

What primary immunodeficiency involves neutrophilia? What species is this common in?

Back 116

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency; common in Holsteins and Irish Setters

Front 117

What primary immunodeficiency involves B and T-cell deficiencies? What species is this common in?

Back 117

Combined Immunodeficiency Disease;
mice, bassets, Corgis, Jack Russels, Arabs

Front 118

What primary immunodeficiency involves a B-cell deficiency?

Back 118

Equine agammaglobuminemia

Front 119

What are some causes of acquired immunodeficiencies?

Back 119

virus
radiation
toxins
drugs

Front 120

What does MPS stand for (regarding hematopoetic pathology)?

Back 120

Mononuclear Phagocytic System

Front 121

What domestic species commonly has histiocytic neoplasia?

Back 121

Dogs

Front 122

T or F:
Histiocytic neoplasia is common in all domestic animal species.

Back 122

False! Mostly just dawgs.

Front 123

What cells can be involved in histiocytic neoplasia?

Back 123

Monocyte
Macrophage
Langerhans Cell
Dendritic Cell
Histiocyte

Front 124

Monocytes in the tissues are known as...

Back 124

...Macrophage

Front 125

A dendritic cell in the skin is...

Back 125

...a Langerhans cell

Front 126

A large phagocytic interstitial cell of the reticuloendothelial system; a macrophage of the CT is...

Back 126

...a Histiocyte

Front 127

What is another name for a benign langerhans tumor? What is its common presentation?

Back 127

Cutaneous histiocytoma; young dogs

Front 128

What is another name for a non-neoplastic langerhans cell proliferation? What is its common presentation?

Back 128

Cutaneous histiocytosis; Bernese Mtn. Dogs

Front 129

What malignant neoplasia of macrophages or dendritic cells often involves the spleen? What is a common histological finding?

Back 129

Histiocytic sarcoma; commonly see erythrophagocytosis (macrophage form)