Bryan - Syspath - Bone And Joints - Fall 2Nd Year

Front 1

ID these structures or regions of a long bone.

Back 1

A - Epiphysis
B - Growth Plate (Epiphyseal plate)
C - Metaphysis
D - Periosteum
E - Diaphysis

Front 2

ID these regions or structures of a long bone.

Back 2

A - Articular cartilage
B - Joint capsule
C - Cortex (compact bone)
D - Medulla (cancellous bone)

Front 3

T or F:
Only long bones have a growth plate.

Back 3

Tru dat

Front 4

What type of bone is "spongy" bone?

Back 4

Cancellous bone (traebecular bone)

Front 5

What bone type has a very orderly arrangement?

Back 5

Compact bone

Front 6

When is woven bone found in normal adults?

Back 6

During times of repair (fracture repair)

Front 7

Where does growth take place in a long bone (hint - 2 regions)?

Back 7

Epiphyseal plate (growth plate);
Articular epiphyseal complex

Front 8

What will a mesenchymal stem cell differentiate into (bone and joint-wise)?

Back 8

Either a chondrocyte or an osteoblast

Front 9

Where are osteoprogenitor cells located in the bone?

Back 9

Periosteum and bone marrow

Front 10

Let's play osteoblast, clast, or cyte...
...initiate bone resorption.

Back 10

OsteoBLAST (osteoblast signals the osteocyte to resorb bone)

Front 11

Let's play osteoblast, clast, or cyte...
...initiate bone mineralization.

Back 11

OsteoBLAST

Front 12

Let's play osteoblast, clast, or cyte...
...cells that resorb bone.

Back 12

OsteoCLAST

Front 13

Let's play osteoblast, clast, or cyte...
...translate stress deformation in the bone to manage bone remodeling.

Back 13

OsteoCYTES

Front 14

What are the two types of synovial cells? Which type is fibroblastic and which type is phagocytic?

Back 14

Type A (phagocytic)
Type B (fibroblastic)

Front 15

What are the two presentations of an animal with bone/joint disease?

Back 15

move funny
look funny
(or both)

Front 16

What is the "D" in DAMNIT!!!

Back 16

D = degenerative/developmental

Front 17

What is the "A" in DAMNIT!!`

Back 17

A = Allergic/autoimmune/anomaly

Front 18

What is the "M" in DAMNIT!!

Back 18

M = Metabolic

Front 19

What is the "N" in DAMNIT!!

Back 19

N = Nutritional/neoplastic

Front 20

What is the "I" in DAMNIT!!

Back 20

I = Infectious/inflammatory/immune-mediated/ischemic/idiopathic

Front 21

What is the "T" in DAMNIT!!!

Back 21

T = Traumatic/toxic

Front 22

What aspects of signalment can play a role in bone/joint disorders?

Back 22

Age, sex, breed, nutrition, genetics, environment can all play a role

Front 23

T or F:
Cartilage is generally visible in radiographs.

Back 23

False!

Front 24

Which CBC parameter is often indicative of bone disease? Is this parameter elevated or depressed with bone disease?

Back 24

Alkaline phosphatase is generally elevated with bone disease (or with bone remodeling)

Front 25

T or F:
High Alkaline phosphatase is always indicative of bone disease.

Back 25

False!
It can also indicate normal growth or be indicative of a nutritional disorder.

Front 26

A specific form of growth cartilage dysplasia related to failure or delay of endochondral ossification in young animals.

Back 26

Osteochondrosis

Front 27

A specific form of growth cartilage dysplasia involving articular cartilage with formation of cartilage/osteochondral clefting and flap formation.

Back 27

Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD)

Front 28

Necrotic fragment of bone that persists in damaged (infected) bone tissue.

Back 28

Sequestrum

Front 29

Reactive bone enclosing a bone sequestrum.

Back 29

Involucrum

Front 30

An inflammatory disease of young large and giant breed dogs, unknown cause. Bone enlargement is due to metaphyseal swelling,and growth is not inherently abnormal. A common condition of giant breed dogs.

Back 30

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Front 31

A reactive process causing increased bone density.

Back 31

Osteosclerosis

Front 32

Failure of osteoclastic absorption of bone leading to progressive increase in bone density (often genetic).

Back 32

Osteopetrosis

Front 33

A "lump" associated with healing fractures.

Back 33

Callus

Front 34

Process most often seen with infections or space occupying lesions within the thorax.

Back 34

Hypertrophic (pulmonary) osteopathy

Front 35

Lesions (increased bone density) in medullary cavity of young usually large breed dogs.

Back 35

Panosteitis (not really an inflammatory process)

Front 36

A bone tumor is called...

Back 36

Osteoma or osteosarcoma

Front 37

A cartilage tumor is called...

Back 37

chondroma or chondrosarcoma

Front 38

A primary joint disease, but often associated with development of bony exostoses (osteophytes)

Back 38

Osteoarthritis/Degenerative Joint disease

Front 39

Abnormal growth of bone, joint associated

Back 39

Osteophyte (bone spur or exostosis)

Front 40

T or F:
Exostoses are only associated with joints.

Back 40

False! This describes an osteophyte

Front 41

Formation of new bone on a bone's surface.

Back 41

Exostosis

Front 42

Bony proliferation of the vertebrae.

Back 42

Spondylosis

Front 43

Bony proliferation that BRIDGES vertebral bone.

Back 43

Ankylosis

Front 44

Ossification of soft tissue.

Back 44

Osseous metaplasia

Front 45

Softening of bone (eg: rickets); non-necrotic.

Back 45

Osteomalacia

Front 46

Necrotic softening of bone.

Back 46

Osteonecrosis.

Front 47

Reduced bone mass.

Back 47

Osteopenia/osteoporosis

Front 48

CONGENITAL defect leading to reduced bone mass.

Back 48

Osteogenesis imperfecta

Front 49

Reduction of bone associated with tumor or infection.

Back 49

Osteolysis

Front 50

Osteomyelitis involves which region of bone?

Back 50

Marrow cavity

Front 51

Osteonecrosis is common in which specific region of young small-breed dogs? What is the name of the condition?

Back 51

Asceptic necrosis of the femoral head

Front 52

What are the three types of bone cysts?

Back 52

Subchondral, simple or aneurismal

Front 53

A fluid-filled cavity in the bone is known as a(n)...

Back 53

...bone cyst

Front 54

Common bone lesion in young growing horses, where it is really a lesion of the physis and is usually dysplastic (osteochondrosis) rather than inflammatory.

Back 54

Epiphysitis

Front 55

Congenital joint contracture; often related to nervous system or neuromuscular system disease.

Back 55

Arthrogryposis

Front 56

What are the primary disorders of joints (there are 5)?

Back 56

Synovitis
Arthritis
Osteoarthritis
Osteoarthropathy
Degenerative Joint Disease

Front 57

Softened cartilage is known as...

Back 57

...Chondromalacia

Front 58

Superficial loss of cartilage layers.

Back 58

Erosion

Front 59

Full-thickness loss of cartilage layers.

Back 59

Ulceration

Front 60

Free-floating intraarticular cartilage or bone.

Back 60

Joint mouse

Front 61

Cartilage changes within articular cartilage associated with degenerative joint disease; appears "frayed".

Back 61

Fibrillation

Front 62

Smooth surfaced osteosclerosis of subchondral bone (similar to wear on old ivory piano keys) associated with ulceration of overlying cartilage.

Back 62

Eburnation

Front 63

Urates (from gout) in the bone is known as what type of disease?

Back 63

Crystal deposition disease

Front 64

Fibrovascular tissue arising from synovium spreading to articular surfaces forming a “velvety membrane” and causing extensive cartilage lysis

Back 64

Pannus

Front 65

What processes will cause lesions with abnormal bone structure (use DAMNIT, damnit!)?

Back 65

Developmental
Metabolic
Nutritional
Neoplasia
Trauma (fracture)

Front 66

With regard to bone remodelling, activated ________________ stimulate ________________.

Back 66

osteoblasts, osteoclasts

Front 67

T or F:
In the long run, activation of osteoblasts will often favor bone loss rather than bone formation.

Back 67

True!

Front 68

Which has growth factor receptors, osteoblasts or osteoclasts?

Back 68

Osteoblasts

Front 69

Which has calcitonin receptors, osteoblasts or osteoclasts?

Back 69

Osteoclasts

Front 70

T or F:
Only osteoblasts have PTH receptors.

Back 70

True

Front 71

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteodystrophy...
...involves the medulla.

Back 71

Osteopetrosis

Front 72

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteodystrophy...
...involves only the long bone cortices.

Back 72

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Front 73

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteodystrophy...
...associated with mass lesions.

Back 73

Hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Front 74

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteodystrophy...
...negatively affects osteoclasts.

Back 74

Osteopetrosis

Front 75

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteodystrophy...
...usually genetic.

Back 75

Osteopetrosis

Front 76

Choose either osteopetrosis or hypertrophic osteopathy...
...characterized by diaphyseal periosteal bone proliferation.

Back 76

Hypertrophic osteopathy

Front 77

What are some processes resulting in ossification of soft tissue?

Back 77

Degeneration (aging leading to osseous metaplasia)
Neoplastic
Inflammatory
Toxic (VitD toxicosis)

Front 78

What is the name of this condition? How does it happen? If determined radiographically, what might be a good next step?

Back 78

Hypertrophic osteopathy; idiopathic process; radiograph the thorax since often associated w/lung

Front 79

Contrast Hypertrophic osteopathy with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in terms of age of onset.

Back 79

Young in osteodystrophy; old in osteopathy

Front 80

Contrast Hypertrophic osteopathy with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in terms of breed.

Back 80

Any breed in osteopathy; large/giant breeds in osteodystrophy

Front 81

Contrast Hypertrophic osteopathy with hypertrophic osteodystrophy in terms of location.

Back 81

Metaphyses on osteodystrophy; periosteum on osteopathy

Front 82

The process by which bone grows in length is known as _____________ ossification.

Back 82

Endochondral

Front 83

The process by which bone grows in width is known as ___________ ossification.

Back 83

Intramembranous

Front 84

What hormone is a major trigger for growth plate closure?

Back 84

Estrogen

Front 85

Extra digits is known as...

Back 85

...polydactyly

Front 86

The congenital absence or incomplete development of long bones is known as....

Back 86

...ectromelia

Front 87

What is the fancy greek term for spider lamb?

Back 87

autosomal recessive inherited chondrodysplasia

Front 88

What is the disease process pictured here?

Back 88

Chondrodysplasia

Front 89

What disease process is depicted here?

Back 89

OCD (Osteochondrosis/OsteochondritisDissecans)

Front 90

What is the fancy greek term for "lion jaw"? What breed is this common in?

Back 90

Craniomandibular osteopathy;
West highland white terriers

Front 91

What would be a better term for hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

Back 91

Metaphyseal osteodystrophy

Front 92

What is a radiographic characteristic of hypertrophic osteodystrophy?

Back 92

radiolucent lines adjacent and parallel to the physes

Front 93

What would be the most important differential diagnosis for an animal presenting with swollen painful metaphyses?

Back 93

Septicemia (joint sepsis); hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Front 94

What is the signalment of an animal with eosinophilic panosteitis? Where does it present?

Back 94

Young, large breed animal;
Periosteum and Diaphysis

Front 95

What is a common treatment for physitis?

Back 95

Bute, rest, and reduced caloric intake

Front 96

T or F:
Epiphysitis is an inflammatory condition that DOES NOT involve the epiphysis.

Back 96

False!
Although it DOES NOT involve the epiphysis, it is NON inflammatory.

Front 97

What structure does epiphysitis involve?

Back 97

Growth plate

Front 98

Which hormone increases serum calcium?

Back 98

Parathyroid hormone

Front 99

Which hormone reduces serum calcium?

Back 99

Calcitonin (tones-down calcium)

Front 100

What is the characteristic lesion of rickets within the rib growth plate? What is generally the cause?

Back 100

Rachitic rosary;
Vitamin D deficiency

Front 101

Which bones are the most sensitivie to secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Back 101

Bones of the head.

Front 102

What molecule plays a central role in the pathogenesis of hypercalcemia due to pseudohyperparathyroidism?

Back 102

Phosphorus

Front 103

High serum Phosphorus will trigger release of which hormone?

Back 103

PTH (increased serum Ca dilutes serum P)

Front 104

What are two main causes of metabolic bone disease?

Back 104

Poor diet (too little Ca, too much P, vit. D deficiency);
Too little sun

Front 105

What two things does a bone need in order to repair a fracture?

Back 105

Osteoprogenitor cells
Adequate scaffolding

Front 106

A fracture with lots of pieces is known as a(n) ________________ fracture.

Back 106

Comminuted

Front 107

What are the three most common complications of fracture healing that will impede repair?

Back 107

Ischemia (inadequate blood supply)
Instability
Infection

Front 108

What is the most common agent in bone infections? Second most common?

Back 108

Bacterial #1
Fungal #2

Front 109

What fungal agents generally infect the bones of small animals?

Back 109

Coccidiomyces
Blastomyces

Front 110

Why is the growth plate a common site for bone infection?

Back 110

Most entry is hematogenous and growth plates have lots of blood supply. Blood flow slows in capillaries favors pathogen proliferation.

Front 111

How does necrotic bone help to make treatment of bacterial osteomyelitis so challenging?

Back 111

Prevents antibiotics from reaching infection.
Provides fodder for bacterial growth.

Front 112

T or F:
A bone sequestrum must be surgically removed for resolution.

Back 112

True!

Front 113

What clinical diagnosis would you suspect if you found bilaterally SYMMETRIC enlargement of the jaw bones in an older dog with a long history of polyuria and polydipsia?

Back 113

Secondary renal hyperparathyroidism

Front 114

What clinical diagnosis would you suspect if you found bilaterally SYMMETRIC enlargement of the jaw bones in a pig from an owner formulating their own feed?

Back 114

Nutritional fibrous osteodystrophy

Front 115

What clinical diagnosis would you suspect if you found bilaterally SYMMETRIC enlargement of the jaw bones in a 4 yo West Highland white terrier?

Back 115

Lion Jaw (craniomandibular osteopathy)

Front 116

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of an osteoblast?

Back 116

Osteoma/Osteosarcoma

Front 117

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of a chondrocyte?

Back 117

Chondroma/chondrosarcoma

Front 118

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of a fibroblast?

Back 118

Fibroma/Firbrosarcoma

Front 119

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of an endothelial cell?

Back 119

Hemangioma/Hemangiosarcoma

Front 120

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of a synovial cell?

Back 120

Synovioma/Synovial Sarcoma; Histiocytic Sarcoma

Front 121

What is the name of a benign and malignant tumor of a fibroblast?

Back 121

Fibroma/Firbrosarcoma

Front 122

What are the 3 most common primary tumors of bone in veterinary medicine?

Back 122

Osteosarcoma
Chondrosarcoma
Fibrosarcoma and other

Front 123

Which tumor is common in flat bones?

Back 123

Chondrosarcoma

Front 124

Which tumor of bone is highly likely to metastasize?

Back 124

Osteosarcoma

Front 125

What is the name of this tumor?

Back 125

Multilobular tumor of bone

Front 126

What is the distinguishing feature of synovial neoplasia?

Back 126

Tumor involves bone on BOTH sides of the joint.

Front 127

What are the main categories of noninflammatory joint disease?

Back 127

DJD (degenerative joint disease)
Traumatic
Neoplastic

Front 128

What are the main categories of inflammatory joint disease?

Back 128

Infectious
Noninfectious (immunological - erosive or nonerosive)

Front 129

What is a common sequel in neonatal livestock that develop septicemia?

Back 129

Rheumatoid arthritis (pannus formation)

Front 130

What infectious agents might cause arthritis/synovitis in a dog?

Back 130

Lyme dz. (Borrelia burgdorferi)
Immune mediated polyarthritis

Front 131

What infectious agents might cause arthritis/synovitis in a pig?

Back 131

E. coli
E. rhusiopathiae
lots of others...

Front 132

What infectious agents might cause arthritis/synovitis in a cow (not a neonate)?

Back 132

Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Mycoplasma bovis
Haemophilus somnus
Lyme dz (Borrelia burgdorferi)

Front 133

What infectious agents might cause arthritis/synovitis in neonatal calves?

Back 133

E. coli
Strept.
Others

Front 134

What viral agents might cause arthritis/synovitis in a goat?

Back 134

Caprine arthritis encephalitis virus

Front 135

calcitonin binds to what cells to inhibit them? what cells secrete them?

Back 135

binds to osteoclasts to inhibit them

parafollicular cells/c cells of the thyroid

Front 136

what cells secrete PTH and who do they bind to?

Back 136

chief cells of the parathyroid gland, bind to osteoblasts

Front 137

what do you see on the long bone with hypertrophic osteopathy? clinical presentation? what species?

Back 137

two cortexes

not painful

dogs humans horses

Front 138

what's the mechanism of osteopetrosis?

what causes it?

where in the bone does it present?

what is the bone character?

Back 138

failure of osteoclastic absorption-->inc. bone density

congenital issue

medulla

prone to fracture

Front 139

name some differentials for hypertrophic osteopathy

Back 139

urinary tumors in young large breed dogs

heartworm, rhabdomyosarcoma, ovarian tumors in horses, tuberculosis

Front 140

name some developmental bone/joint disease in foals

Back 140

contracted tendons/flexural limb deformities

OCD

cervical vertebral malformation

subchondral bone cyst

physitits--physeal dysplasia

Front 141

developmental bone/joint disease in dogs

Back 141

ocd

craniomandibular osteopathy

hypertrophic osteodystrophy

vertebral malformation/malarticulation

Front 142

what other body parts are abnormal for osteogenesis imperfecta? what is a common sequelae of osteogenesis imperfecta?

Back 142

teeth, tendons, clera

pathological fractures

Front 143

what is the cause of physitis in horses?

Back 143

too much nutrition

Front 144

what happens if you have SLIGHTLY too much fluoride? way too much fluoride?

Back 144

osteosclerosis

osteopenia