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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the fate of the paramesonephric duct in the female? In the male? |
In the female, the Mullerian duct becomes:
oviduct uterus cervix cranial vagina (nothing in male) |
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What is the fate of the mesonephric duct in the female? In the male?
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In the male, Wolffian duct becomes:
efferent ducts/ductules epididymis ductus deferens (nothing in female) |
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What gene promotes male development? Where is it carried? What does it do?
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SRY gene on Y chromosome promotes differentiation of Sertoli cells
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What substance causes regression of the mullerian ducts? Where is it produced?
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Mullerian inhibitory substance (produced by Sertoli cells)
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Which is more common, male or female pseudohermaphrodites?
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Male pseudohermaphrodite
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What is the most common cause of male infertility?
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Testicular degeneration (atrophy)
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What are major causes of testicular degeneration?
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Thermal regulation
Zn deficiencies Hormone influences Auto-immune dz Toxins Obstructions Infections |
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What is a common cause of testicular hypoplasia?
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Cryptorchidism
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Which is more common, epididymitis or orchitis? What species is it common in?
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Epididymitis more common;
Seen in rams and dogs |
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What are important causes of epididymitis in rams? In dogs?
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Brucella, Actinobacillus, and Histophilus in rams
E. coli and Brucella in dogs |
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What are differentials for a dog with endocrine alopecia, pendulous prepuce, gyenecomastia, and enlarged testis?
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Sertoli cell tumor (hyperestrogenism);
Cushings, hypothyroid |
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What is the most common testicular neoplasm in the horse? In the dog?
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Horse - Seminoma
Dog - Leydig cell tumor |
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T or F:
Seminomas are the most common tumor of the horse and dog. |
False! Most common in horse but 2nd most common in dog.
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What are the four tumors of the testes?
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Sertoli cell tumor
Leydig cell tumor Teratoma Seminoma |
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Leydig tumors are most common in which species? What do these tumors produce?
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Dog and bull;
Produce androgens or estrogens |
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What is the most common cause of feminization?
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Sertoli cell tumors!
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Which tumor is common in foal cryptorchids?
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Teratoma
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What effect do androgens have on the prostate? Estrogens?
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Androgens cause hyperplasia
Estrogens interfere w/proper differentiation |
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What are common bacterial causes of prostatitis?
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E. coli
Proteus Pseudomonas Brucella |
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How can prostatic hyperplasia be differentiated from neoplasia?
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Symmetry. Adenoma/Adenocarconoma will be asymmetric.
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Incomplete closure of the urethra is...
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...hypospadia
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What are some major causes of balanopostitis?
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Herpesvirus
Habronema spp. |
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What are common penile tumors and which species is prone to each?
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SCC - horses
Fibropapilloma - bulls Papilloma - pigs, horses TVT - dogs Sarcoid - horse sheath |
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What is a common neoplasm on the equine penis and prepuce?
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SCC!!
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What are the cell layers of the ovary and what does each produce?
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Thecal cells - androstenedione
Granulosa cells - estrogen (from androstenedione) and Progesterone |
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What are the two endocrine cells of the testis? What does each produce? What stimulates each?
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Leydig cells (stimulated by LH to produce T)
Sertoli cells (stimulated by FSH to produce androgen binding protein among other things) |
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What is strange about bitch ovaries (histologically)? What is important about this?
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Have subsurface epithelial structures; these can become neoplastic?
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If there is Leydig cell hypoplasia, what could be the cause?
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Reduced LH (due to pituitary issue or GnRH issue)
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What are the common ovarian neoplasms?
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Sex cord stromal tumor
Epithelial tumors Dysgerminoma Teratoma |
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Which species commonly get sex cord stromal tumors? In which species are these tumors prone to metastasis?
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Cats (common metastasis)
Dogs, cows Mares (rare metastasis) |
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ID these testicular tumors
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A - Seminoma
B - Sertoli cell tumor C - Seminoma D - Interstitial tumor (probably Leydig) E - Seminoma |
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What is depicted in these ovaries? In which species is this common?
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Cystic ovaries;
common in high-producing cows |
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Name that tumor!!~
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Sex cord stromal tumor (ovary)
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Name that tumor!
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Sex cord stromal cell tumor (ovary, dog)
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Ovarian epithelial tumors are common in which species?
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Dogs
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T or F:
Ovarian epithelial tumors are rarely metastatic. |
False! They are often metastatic to the abdomen.
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Why does ascites develop in concert with ovarian tumors?
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lymphatic blockage
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What is the ovaries' version of the seminoma?
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Dysgerminoma
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What is an important cause of vulvitis in horses? In cattle, goats and horses?
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Taylorella equigenitalis;
Herpesviruses for cattle, horses, and goats (BHV-1, EHV-3, CapHV-1) |
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Why do fat old bitches get vulvitis?
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Urine scalds
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What are common masses found in the vagina, vulva, and cervix that are hormonally responsive?
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Leiomyomas
Fibromatous polyps |
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What are vulvar masses common to mares?
To old gray mares? |
SCC;
Melanoma |
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What are some causes of uterine atrophy?
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Anestrus
Hypopituitarism & wasting (rare) |
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What condition is often a prelude to pyometra? What might cause this?
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Endometrial hyperplasia secondary to hyperestrogenism or PG following estrogen priming
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What condition is shown here?
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Endometrial hyperplasia (thick uterine wall with bubble-like changes)
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What generally causes a pseudopregnancy?
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Prostaglandan influence
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What are common uterine masses in the bitch? In the cow?
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Bitch (leiomyomas/sarcomas)
Cow (Lymphosarcoma) |
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If you find lymphosarcoma in a cow, where else might you find it?
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Heart
lymph nodes abomasum |
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What are some differential diagnoses for equine metritis?
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CEM (contagious equine metritis) caused by Taylorella equigenitalis;
(also S. zooepidemicus, E. coli, P. aeuriginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) |
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What is the post-parturitent endometritis called?
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Lochia
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How big of a problem is a retained placenta in a horse? In a ruminant?
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Horse is CRISIS
Ruminant is no big deal as long as it is <12hrs |
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What condition arises when a retained part of a placenta survives?
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Subenvolution of placentocytes
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Which species REQUIRE a CL to maintain pregnancy?
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Cattle
Sheep Goats Pigs Horses |
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How many fetuses must be present for a viable sow pregnancy?
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4 (2 in each horn)
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T or F:
Abortion is more common in farm animals than in cats/dogs. |
True!
Cats/dogs have a "predetermined" CL lifespan; most EED is reabsorbed or mummified |
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What is the trigger inducing parturition?
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Fetal stress! Once cortisol can be released from developed adrenals
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When a dead fetus contaminated by putrefactive organisms it is called...
When is this common? |
Maceration is common in dystocia and first trimester deaths
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Describe the placental type of a:
Horse Dog Cow Sheep Pig Cat |
Dog/Cat - Zonary
Horse/Pig - Diffuse Cow/Sheep - Cotyledonary |
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What is the significance of squamous metaplasia on the placenta?
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No effect on fetus
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What are some insignificant placental lesions that may be seen?
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Uteroverdin
Amniotic plaques (squamous metaplasia) Placental calcification Hippomane (allantoic calculi) |
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What is going on here?
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Uteroverdin
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What is depicted here?
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A - Amniotic plaques (squamous metaplasia)
B - Hippomane C - Placental calcification |
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What are indications of placental insufficiency in ruminants?
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Adventitial placentation
Placental wt <14% of fetal wt |
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What should be examined in an equine placenta?
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should be ~10% of fetal wt
examine avillous sites (tips of horn, cervical star, endometrial cups) umbilical cord should be 36-83cm |
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What causes the majority of EED?
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Genetics
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What specific components of dam illness contribute to abortion/stillbirth?
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Oxygen (anemia)
Pyrexia (fetus expelled if temp too high) Endotoxemia |
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T or F:
The success rate in successfully diagnosing abortion/stillbirth causes is pretty low. |
True!
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What are general steps in investigating abortion/stillbirth?
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1) History
2) Dam exam 3) Serology (dam and other non-aborting dams) 4) Placental exam 5) Fetal exam 6) Estimate time of death 6) Fetal necropsy |
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What is the important part of the placenta to sample?
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Chorioallantois
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How dead is a fetus with dehydrated eyes?
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Really dead....72 hours
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How dead is a fetus with cloudy corneas and blood-tinged amniotic fluid?
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mostly dead....12 hours
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How dead is a fetus with gelatinous fluid in subcutis (anasarca)?
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pretty dead...36 hours
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What tissues are sampled for bacteriology in an abortion necropsy?
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lung, liver, stomach content
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What samples are taken fo virology in an abortion necropsy?
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kidney, lung, thymus
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What serological samples are taken in an abortion necropsy?
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2mL fetal fluid
2mL maternal serum |
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What are common canine infectious agents involved in abortions?
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Brucella canis, canine herpesvirus, neospora
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What are common feline infectious agents involved in abortions?
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FHV-1, calicivirus, FIV, FeLV
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What are two important physical barriers preventing ascending infections in mammary glands?
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Teat (streak) canal
Rosette of Furstenberg |
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Which hormone promotes mammary development? Which hormone helps with milk let-down?
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PG promotes development
PRL helps with milk let-down |
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Name some mammary gland defense mechanisms against infection.
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Normal flora
Rosette of Furstenberg/Teat canal Flushing effect of milk Lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase Macrophages/neutrophils/antibodies |
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What are some causes of ischemic mammary necrosis?
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Ergotism
Frostbite |
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T or F:
Ascending mammary infections are more common than hematogenous. |
True
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Which infectious mammary pathogen is an obligate inhabitant of the mammary gland?
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Streptococcus agalactiae
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Which infectious mammary pathogen causes watery, blood tinged milk?
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Coliform mastitis (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp.)
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Which infectious mammary pathogen is associated with improper maintenance of milking machines?
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Coliform mastitis (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp.)
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Which infectious mammary pathogen usually affects multiple quarters?
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Mycoplasma bovis
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Which infectious mammary pathogen is granulomatous and often iatrogenic?
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Nocardia & yeasts
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Which infectious mammary pathogen causes "blue bag" in sheep and goats?
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Mannheimia haemolytica or Staphyloccus aureus
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Which infectious mammary pathogen is common in sows?
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Coliform mastitis (E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter spp.)
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Which infectious mammary pathogen can affect immature or dry glands?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
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Which tumor is associated with canine mammary neoplasia in males?
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Sertoli tumors
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Are mammary neoplasias normally benign in dogs? In cats?
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Dogs - half and half
Cats - usually malignant |
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What is probably the most common canine mammary neoplasm?
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Mixed mammary tumor
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Where does neoplasia of the caudal two mammary glands metastasize to? The cranial 3?
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Caudal - inguinal lnn
Cranial - axillary lnn |
