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125 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The liver filters blood from the entire abdominal cavity except for...
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...kidney and rectum
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Describe hepatic blood flow from the central vein to the vena cava.
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portal v > central v. > hepatic v. > caval v.
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Choose lobular or acinar pattern...
...centers on central vein. |
Lobular
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Choose lobular or acinar pattern...
...centrals on portal vein. |
Acinar
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Choose lobular or acinar pattern...
...corners are the central vein. |
acinar pattern
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Choose lobular or acinar pattern...
...corners are the portal triad. |
lobular pattern
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Which zone has the lowest oxygen levels? The highest?
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Zone 1 gets most O2;
Zone 3 gets least O2. |
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Which cells are responsible for Vitamin A storage? Where are these cells found?
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Ito cells found in space of Disse
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Artiodactyls lack which type of liver cell?
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Kupffer cells
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What is unique about the basement membrane that liver sinusoid endothelial cells rest upon?
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IT DOESN'T EXIST!!! no basement membrane!
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What are three general functions of the liver?
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Make proteins
Detoxify Storage |
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Histologically, where are bile cysts most likely found?
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centrolobular hepatocytes (Zone III)
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Histologically, which area has the most cyt P450 activity?
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centrolobular hepatocytes (Zone III)
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Histologically, which area has the most glycogen synthesis?
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centrolobular hepatocytes (Zone III)
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Histologically, which area has the most concentration of O2 and nutrients?
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periportal hepatocytes
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Histologically, which area has the most resistance to toxic and anoxic stress?
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periportal hepatocytes
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Histologically, which area has the most regeneration?
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periportal hepatocytes
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What is the function of Kupffer cells? Where are they located?
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Fe recycling, phagocytosis, degrade bacterial endotoxin - located in sinusoids.
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What is the function of Ito cells? Where are they located?
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Vit. A storage, collagen synthesis - located in space of Disse
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How can hydropic hepatic change be detected histologically?
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Cell swelling due to water uptake can be seen as pinching-off of sinusoids (common with all swelling).
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What are gross characteristics of hepatic lipidosis?
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Hepatomegaly
Friable Rounded edges Greasy Yellow Floats in formalin |
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T or F:
Hepatic lipidosis is common in dogs. |
False!
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Hepatic lipidosis must be distinguished from what two differentials in dogs?
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Steroid hepatopathy;
Amyloidosis |
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What are causes of hepatic lipidosis in cats?
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Diet change;
Change in olfaction |
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What are some signs of hepatic lipidosis in cats?
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Anorexia
Vomiting Hard stools/constipation +/- icterus |
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What horse breeds are predisposed to hepatic lipidosis?
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Shetland ponies and miniature horses (equine hyperlipemia): the Gary Colemans of the horse world
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How will hepatic lipidosis present histologically?
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Fat droplets in cells;
Nuclei pushed to one side |
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T or F:
Glycogen accumulation disorders in the liver are usually genetic. |
True! THey usually are!
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What clinical values will be abnormal in a dog with glucocorticoid hepatopathy?
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Alkaline phosphatase will be HIGH
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How does glucocorticoid hepatopathy differ from hepatic lipidosis histologically?
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Both have swollen hepatocytes;
Lipidosis has fat droplets and eccentric compressed nuclei while glucocorticoid hepatopathy doesn't. |
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What process causes a green or brown liver?
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Bile backup (cholestasis - either extra or intrahepatic)
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What animals normally have yellow serum and fat?
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Horses and Jersey Cattle
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What is the #1 external sign of a biliary blockage?
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White feces
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What are some biochemical parameters used to assess hepatic function?
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ALT, GGT, SAP, bile acids
Plasma protein Bilirubin BSP |
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What are some causes of histologically diffuse hepatic necrosis?
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Vit E deficiency
viral infection toxins vascular accidents Equine Serum hepatitis |
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How can Equine Serum Hepatitis be diagnosed?
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Only at necropsy
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What is the most common histologic pattern of hepatic necrosis?
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Centrolobular
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What are some causes of histologically random, multifocal hepatic necrosis?
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usually infectious (viral, bacterial, or fungal)
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What are some causes of periportal necrosis?
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Aflatoxin
Phosphorus poisoning |
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What are some causes of midzonal necrosis?
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Yellow fever (primates)
Aflatoxins (pigs/horses) Human eclampsia Hexachlorophene toxicosis (cats) |
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Generalized liver inflammation describes...
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...hepatitis
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Inflammation of the bile ductules describes...
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...cholangitis
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What does cholangiohepatitis describe?
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Inflammation of the liver and surrounding bile ductules
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What does pericholangitis describe?
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Inflammation around bile ductules but not directly affecting them
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What condition is associated with suffusive (paintbrush) hemorrhage in the stomach? What is the causative agent?
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Infectious canine hepatitis; Canine Adenovirus ! causes it
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What is the site of replication for CAV-1?
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Tonsil
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What are symptoms of infection with CAV-1?
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Pharyngitis & laryngitis
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What virus causes multifocal hepatic necrosis with intranuclear inclusions in many animals?
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Herpesvirus
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What is a remarkable sign of equine herpesvirus infections? What condition does this virus cause?
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Abortion storms! Equine rhinopneumonitis
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What type of virus is FIP? What type of exudate does the FIP virus induce?
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Coronavirus; induces pyogranulomatous inflammation
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Lymphocytic pericholangitis in horses is caused by...
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Equine infectious anemia virus
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Tyzzer's disease is caused by...
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...Clostridium pilforme
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T or F:
Tyzzer's disease can only be diagnosed at necropsy. |
True
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"Chinese characters" or "pick-up sticks" in cells must be seen to diagnose what disease?
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Tyzzer's Disease (C. piliforme infection)
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What is another name for "redwater" disease in the cow? What agent causes this?
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Bovine bacillary hemoglobinemia (C. hemolyticum bovis in association of Fasciola hepatica)
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Where do the clostridial spores reside in redwater disease?
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In Kupffer cells
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What toxin is responsible for the damage seen in Bovine bacillary hemoglobinemia?
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Phospholipase C
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Clostridial hepatic disease in sheep is called...
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...Black disease
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How does black disease differ from redwater disease in terms of host? Disease agent? Signs?
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Sheep = black dz; cow = redwater
C. novyi = black; C. hemolyticum = redwater hemoglobinuria = redwater; no hemoglobinurea = black |
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Paratyphoid nodules in the liver are indicative of what condition?
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Salmenellosis
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Rabbit fever is caused by...
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...Francisella tularensis
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What are some histologic signs of hepatic leptospirosis infection?
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Dissociation of hepatic cord architecture; centrilobular hepatic necrosis
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What are common causes of hepatic ulcers in ruminants?
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Umbilical infection;
Hardware disease; Rumen ulcers |
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Which zoonotic infection can be transmitted across intact mucous membranes and skin?
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Tularemia!
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What infection greatly impacts seals and sea lions?
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Leptospirosis!
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T or F:
Fusobacterium necorphorum are an important cause of hepatic abcesses. |
False!
They don't cause abscesses but cause coagulative necrosis that subsequently liquifies. |
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What are some important causes of granulomatous hepatic disease?
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Mycobacterium
Corynebacterium Histoplasmosis Rhodococcus equi Yersinia |
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Many metabolites are made more toxic by the liver. What is this process called?
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Bioactivation
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What are the factors contributing to hepatotoxicity? Which is the most important?
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Anoxia (most important)
Protein intake Fasting |
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T or F:
Hepatotoxicity primarily presents as a centrolobular pattern. |
True
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What are some general responses that the liver has to hepatotoxins?
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Cellular swelling
Fatty change Necrosis Fibrosis Biliary hyperplasia (nonspecific) Nodular regeneration Neoplasia (aflatoxins in trout) |
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Which hepatotoxin generally affects growing ruminants?
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Pyrrolizadine alkaloids
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What zonal pattern of hepatic necrosis do aflatoxins induce in cats?
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periportal
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Megalocytes are a characteristic of which type of hepatotoxin?
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
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Midzonal necrosis is a characteristic of aflatoxicosis in which species?
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Rabbit
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Swine, dogs, and cattle with aflatoxicosis have what pattern of hepatic necrosis?
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Centrilobular
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Mixed function oxidase activates which toxins?
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Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
CCl4 |
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Which hepatotoxin is associated with heart failure?
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Gossypol
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What is the mechanism of Cu toxicity? Which species is particularly susceptible?
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lipid peroxidation of cell membranes and Hgb denaturation; sheep are particularly susceptible
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Cu toxicity is inversely proportional to what other nutrients?
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Zn and Mo
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What are some gross lesions associated with copper accumulation?
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Intravascular hemolysis
hepatocellular necrosis (centrilobular to midzonal to massive) icterus |
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What is the pathognomic lesion associated with Cu toxicity in sheep?
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Gunmetal gray kidneys
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What are all the drugs associated with acute liver disease in dogs?
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You're a freak if you can rattle all of these off.
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What is the mechanism of acetominophen toxicity in cats?
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Idiosynchratic hepatoxicity; acetominophen depletes glutathione
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What are causes of vena cava or portal vein thrombosis in the dog?
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amyloidosis
Pancratitis Portal hypertension Steroids |
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In which species are portosystemic anastamoses reported?
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Dog, cat, horse, calf
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What are some physiologic sequelae to portosystemic anastomosis?
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Decreased plasma protein
Hypoalbuminemia Decreased amino acid utilization Decreased production of bile salts Decreased serum cholesterol and fatty acids Abnormal liver function tests |
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How can a hepatic portal shunt result in hypoglycemia?
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Increased insulin in circulation due to lack of insulin degradation by liver.
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T or F:
The liver is the primary organ responsible for ammonia detoxification. |
True! It metabolizes ammonia to urea
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What is the most common cause of post-hepatic portal hypertension?
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Passive congestion due to r-sided heart failure
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What are some causes of intrahepatic portal hypertension?
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Chronic hepatic disease
Increased collagen Loss of normal lobular architecture |
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What are two major causes of prehepatic portal hypertension?
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NEoplasia
Thrombosis |
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Choose chronic or acute passive hepatic congestion...
...nutmeg liver. |
chronic
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Choose chronic or acute passive hepatic congestion...
...bleeds freely when incised. |
acute
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Choose chronic or acute passive hepatic congestion...
...more pronounced lobular pattern |
BOTH!
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Choose chronic or acute passive hepatic congestion...
...atrophy of centrolobular hepatic plates |
chronic
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Milk spots in swine livers are caused by...
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...parasite migration
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How can a photosensitivity disease be acquired?
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Via liver damage;
Ingesting preformed photodynamic agent |
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What are three general mechanisms of congenital or hereditary photosensitization?
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(1) Defect in bilirubin metabolism causes retained phylloerythrin
(2) Decrease in heme synthesis in liver increases phylloerythrin concentration (3) formation of abnormal porphyrin in erythrocytes |
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What is the fancy-ass term for "pink tooth"? What other clinical finding would be evident in these animals?
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Osteohemochromatosis;
Urine turns red on exposure to light |
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What are the clinical signs of Theiler's disease? How can it be diagnosed?
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Abrupt onset of blind staggers, icterus, and death; diagnosed at necropsy (dishrag liver w/centrilobular hepatic necrosis and inflammation)
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What is the etiological cause of toxic hepatopathy of neonatal foals?
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Dietary Fe inoculant (iron fumurate)
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What is the most important histological finding in chronic active canine hepatitis?
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piecemeal necrosis of limiting plate
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What is the most important cause of chronic active canine hepatitis?
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UNKNOWN!!!
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Which species are prone to Hepatosis dietetica? What is the cause?
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Young Swine; deficiency of Vit E or Se
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Familial amyloidosis is seen in which species?
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Shar-pei dogs
Abyssinian and siamese cats |
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How does hepatic amyloidosis present grossly?
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Waxy, pale, NOT greasy, not as friable as hepatic lipidosis
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Where can evidence of amyloidosis be seen in the liver?
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Hepatic sinusoids (need fluorescent stain)
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T or F:
Hepatic amyloidosis cannot be reversed. |
Pretty much true, unless the underlying disease process can be cured
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What is the most common type of amyloidosis? Which proteins are produced?
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Secondary amyloidosis;
Liver produces Serum Amyloid Associated protein, precursor to Amyloid Associated fibrils |
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What heptatic lesion mimics hemangiosarcoma grossly?
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Telangectasia
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What two hepatic conditions do or may arise from a Vitamin E and/or Se deficiency?
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Hepatosis dietetica (young swine)
Sawdust liver (young cattle) |
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What benign finding histologically mimics Pb poisoning inclusions in dogs?
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Canine crystalloids
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What is a unique hepatic response to injury?
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Biliary hyperplasia!
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What are the two kinds of cirrhosis? What are general causes of each?
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Central cirrhosis (R-sided heart failure and passive congestion);
Cirrhosis with nodular regeneration (secondary to massive liver necrosis >10%) |
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Post necrotic scarring of the liver describes...
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...cirrhosis
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Which of the following are possible systemic sequelae to liver injury?
a) Bleeding abnormalities b) Panhypoproteinemia c) Localized icterus d) hepatic encephalopathy |
A and D;
you'd have hypoALBUMINemia and generalized icterus (no such thing as localized icterus) |
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What is the cause of prehepatic icterus?
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erythrolysis
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What is the cause of hepatic icterus?
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hepatocyte injury
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What is the cause of posthepatic icterus?
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bile flow obstruction
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T or F:
Nodular hepatic hyperplasia (hepatoma) is always benign. |
True! It is a common change in older dogs.
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T or F:
Nodular regeneration begins as proliferation from the portal regions. |
True! This is where the limiting plate is...
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T or F:
Hepatocellular carcinoma is not very common and is typically of little clinical significance. |
False!
While it is uncommon, it is a pretty big deal! |
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How can hepatocellular carcinoma be differentiated from hepatic lymphoma?
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Histo!
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What is the major cause of death from animals with hepatic hemangiosarcoma?
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Bleeding out;
Can also be from cardiac tamponade |
