Bryan - Sa Surgery - Urogenital And Exploratory Surgery - Fall 3Rd Year

Front 1

What are some issues related to castrating dogs too early?

Back 1

Longer legs
Higher incidence of CCL rupture
Higher incidence of bladder/prostate cancer
Urinary incontinence
Higher parvo risk
Higher hip dysplasia risk

Front 2

What are some indications to neuter?

Back 2

i) Overpopulation
ii) Behavior
iii) Prostatic dz
iv) Perianal adenomas
v) Perineal hernias
vi) Testicular neoplasia
vii) Orchitis (brucella serology required - ZOONOTIC)

Front 3

What kind of surgery (clean, clean-contaminated, contaminated) is a closed castration? An open castration?

Back 3

Both are clean surgeries.

Front 4

What are the "big 4" preanesthetic diagnostics?

Back 4

PCV, TP, Glucose, BUN

Front 5

When is an open castration indicated?

Back 5

Dogs > 20kg.

Front 6

What structures can be used as guides in the case of an abdominal cryptorchid?

Back 6

Testicular artery
Ductus deferens

Front 7

What is the most likely differential for an intact dog with symmetrical, non-painful prostatomegaly?

Back 7

Benign prostatic hypertrophy

Front 8

What is the most likely differential for an intact dog with asymmetrical non-painful prostatomegaly?

Back 8

Prostatic cysts

Front 9

What is the most likely differential for an intact febrile dog with painful prostatomegaly?

Back 9

Prostatitis (probably an abscess)

Front 10

What is the most likely differential for a neutered dog with prostatomegaly?

Back 10

Prostatic neoplasia

Front 11

What are indications for canine castration by scrotal ablation?

Back 11

Neoplasia
Trauma
Severe hematoma
Older patients with pendulous scrotum

Front 12

What are indications for canine castration via perineal approach?

Back 12

Perineal hernia

Front 13

Where is the incision for an ovariohysterectomy commonly made in the dog?

Back 13

Middle third of a line drawn from umbilicus to pubis

Front 14

What are indications for a flank approach to an ovariohysterectomy?

Back 14

Wildlife
Humane society

Front 15

What is the most important reason to get the ENTIRE ovary in an OVH?

Back 15

E2 and Progesterone will cause pyometra

Front 16

T or F:
An OVH is superior to an ovariectomy since an OVH removes the possibility for pyometra.

Back 16

False!
No significant difference in the incidence of pyometra (and stump pyometra can still occur with an OVH).

Front 17

What organism most often causes pyometra?

Back 17

Eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee coliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii

Front 18

Fill in the blanks...
The risk of mammary tumors in dogs if spayed before the first heat is__________, before the second heat is __________, and before the 3rd heat is __________.

Back 18

0.05%
8%
26%

Front 19

T or F:
A marginal incision is typically adequate when removing canine mammary tumors.

Back 19

True!
Canine mammary tumors are typically benign.

Front 20

What are the natural openings of the diaphragm?

Back 20

Esophageal hiatus
Caval hiatus
Aortic hiatus

Front 21

What is an easy way to tell if aspirated abdominal blood is from a vessel or from the abdominal cavity?

Back 21

Look for clotting - free blood will not clot.

Front 22

The linea alba is _____ & _______ caudally while it is __________&________ cranially.

Back 22

Narrower and thicker caudally;
Wider and thinner cranially

Front 23

How can the gallbladder be used as a landmark for the liver lobes?

Back 23

To the right of the gallbladder lies the right medial lobe, to the left is the quadrate lobe.

Front 24

The mesenteric lymph nodes should be easily visualized by lifting what structure?

Back 24

The cecum

Front 25

T or F:
Primary peritonitis is very rare.

Back 25

Tru dat! Maybe FIP is the most common type...

Front 26

What are common causes of septic peritonitis?

Back 26

GI perforation
Penetrating injury

Front 27

Which of the following is indicative of septic peritonitis?
a) Glucose levels are higher in peritoneal fluid than in serum
b) High levels of non-degenerative neutrophils
c) High levels of degenerative neutrophils
d) Glucose levels are lower in peritoneal fluid than in serum

Back 27

c) High levels of degenerative neutrophils
d) Glucose levels are lower in peritoneal fluid than in serum

Front 28

By what percentage can a nephrotomy reduce overall GFR?

Back 28

25-50%

Front 29

T or F:
The most common location of a urolith is in the renal pelvis.

Back 29

Nope...its the BLADDER dumbass!!

Front 30

Why is a pyelolithotomy a misnomer?

Back 30

Its really a pyelotomy and lithectomy...

Front 31

Why is it important to use absorbable suture in the urinary tract?

Back 31

Don't want to have the suture hanging around to serve as a nidus for stones or infection

Front 32

What other structure is always removed when performing a nephrectomy?

Back 32

Ureter - the one attached to the kidney you're removing!

Front 33

How can the ureter lumen be increased when performing a ureterotomy in a small dog?

Back 33

Use a transverse closure

Front 34

What technique should be used when performing a uterectomy and anastomosis?

Back 34

Spatulate the cut ends and turn 180 degrees before suturing

Front 35

What are the two means of alleviating ureteral tension when performing a uteroneocystotomy?

Back 35

Renal descensus (pull kidney down)
Psoas cystopexy (pull bladder toward kidney)

Front 36

What are the 4 types of ectopic ureter?

Back 36

Intramural
Extramural
Intramural double-opening
Uretal trough

Front 37

How are ectopic ureters diagnosed?

Back 37

Cystography or maybe a scope; also use history and signalment

Front 38

What are the infection rates for...
...clean surgeries?
Clean-contaminated surgeries?
Contaminated/dirty surgeries?

Back 38

clean - 5%
clean-contaminated 12%
Contaminated/dirty - 10%

Front 39

What is your time window for peri-surgical antibiotic prophylaxis?

Back 39

60 to 30 minutes BEFORE incision

Front 40

T or F:
There is NO BENEFIT to giving antibiotics 3-6hrs post surgery.

Back 40

Tru dat!

Front 41

Appropriately administered prophylaxis reduces the chance of surgical site infection by a factor of__________.

Back 41

6 to 7 fold

Front 42

What is the most common peri-surgical antibiotic used?

Back 42

Cefazolin

Front 43

T or F:
Due to its broad-spectrum activity, Cefoxitin is the drug of choice for surgical prophylaxis.

Back 43

FALSE!
Only used when infection would cause DEATH! Cefazolin is the common choice (but it is only gram +)

Front 44

When protecting against gram negative and gram positive bacteria, what is a good choice for surgical antibiotic prophylaxis? What are drawbacks to this drug?

Back 44

Ampicillin; can cause hypotension and hypersensitivity

Front 45

What are some high-risk surgeries where Cefoxitin would be used?

Back 45

Cardiopulmonary sx
SI sx
Colorectal and liver/biliary sx
Urogenital sx

Front 46

For each additional _________ of surgery time, infection risk increases 2x.

Back 46

70 min

Front 47

Each additional person in the surgical suite increases contamination risk by _______.

Back 47

1.3x

Front 48

What are common indications for a cystotomy? What approach is used? How should closure be performed?

Back 48

Uroliths or polyps
Ventral approach
1 or 2 layer closure

Front 49

Where are common sites for the lodging of urinary calculi in male dogs?

Back 49

Bladder
Urethral flexure (bend around pelvis)
Transition from pelvic to penile urethra
Os Penis

Front 50

What is the longest possible urethrostomy in the male dog? In the male cat?

Back 50

Male dog - prescrotal urethrostomy
Male cats - perineal

Front 51

What are the options for urethrostomy in the male dog?

Back 51

Prescrotal
Scrotal
Perineal
Trans-ischeal
Subpubic
Pre-pubic

Front 52

What are the options for urethrostomy in the male cat?

Back 52

Perineal
Trans-ischeal
Subpubic
Pre-pubic

Front 53

What structures are landmarks for perineal urethrostomy in the male cat?

Back 53

Bulbourethral glands