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94 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the average lifespan for the following in circulation?
Neutrophil Platelet Erythrocyte |
Neutrophil - 1-2 d
Platelet 9-10 d Erythrocyte ~120d |
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Which of the following are true regarding relative polycythemia?
a) usually due to dehydration b) appropriate response c) most common form of polycythemia d) increased EPO e) APUDoma can cause it |
a) usually due to dehydration
c) most common form of polycythemia (also splenic contraction can cause it) |
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Which of the following are true regarding absolute secondary polycythemia?
a) usually due to dehydration b) may be an appropriate response c) most common form of polycythemia d) increased EPO may be associated e) APUDoma can cause it |
b) may be an appropriate response
d) increased EPO may be associated (appropriate response) e) APUDoma can cause it (inappropriate response) |
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What are some causes of inappropriate secondary polycythemia?
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Renal disease
Paraneoplastic syndrome (APUDoma or endocrine pancreatic cancers) |
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What is the common presentation for absolute polycythemia?
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Lethargic, blind, hypertensive, possibly cyanotic with congested mucosae; PO2 <60mmHg
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Diagnose the polycythemia:
CBC (erythrocytosis) PO2 (normal) EPO (normal) US (no significant findings) |
Relative polycythemia
Maybe Polycythemia Vera (need a bone marrow aspirate) |
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Diagnose the polycythemia:
CBC (erythrocytosis) PO2 (decreased) EPO (increased) US (no significant findings) |
Secondary appropriate response
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Diagnose the polycythemia:
CBC (erythrocytosis) PO2 (normal) EPO (increased) US (no significant findings) |
Secondary, inappropriate resonse (go on a neoplasia hunt and check the kidneys)
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Diagnose the polycythemia:
CBC (erythrocytosis) PO2 (normal) EPO (elevated) US (small kidneys) |
Secondary inappropriate response (probably renal disease)
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How is absolute primary polycythemia treated?
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Phlebotomy until PCV is normal.
Crystalloids/saline to volume expand. Maybe hydroxyurea. |
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Choose the genetic/metabolic disorder associated with:
- excitement-induced anemia - fluorescence of teeth and urine - cats get it - Dutch - regenerative hemolytic anemia |
PFK deficiency - excitement-induced anemia
Porphyria - fluorescence of teeth and urine Porphyria and PK deficiency - cats get it Spectrin deficiency - Dutch PK deficiency - regenerative hemolytic anemia |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding regeneration in anemias?
a) punctate reticulocytes are not counted in cats b) dogs show more regeneration than cats c) cats show more regeneration than dogs d) relative reticulocyte count is the most important e) reticulocytes take 3 days to appear |
c) cats show more regeneration than dogs (NO; dogs>cats)
d) relative reticulocyte count is the most important (NO; absolute) |
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What are the most important non-regenerative anemias?
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Anemia of chronic disease
Chronic renal insufficiency FeLV Fe deficiency Pure Red Cell Aplasia Bone marrow diseases |
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What are the three mechanisms of non-regenerative anemia?
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Red cell hypoplasia
Inflammation/cytokine mediated Immune mediated |
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Which types anemias are inflammation/cytokine mediated?
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Chronic disease
Neoplasia |
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Which anemias below DO NOT involve red cell hypoplasia?
a) pure red cell aplasia b) neoplasia c) CRF d) Addison's disease e) Fe deficiency |
a) pure red cell aplasia (immune mediated)
b) neoplasia (inflammation/cytokine mediated - UNLESS it is a myelofibrotic process) |
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Choose the type of non-regenerative anemia associated with...
- macrocytic, normochromic anemia - microcytic hypochromic anemia - normocytic, normochromic anemia |
FeLV - macrocytic, normochromic anemia
Fe deficiency - microcytic hypochromic anemia Chronic dz & etc - normocytic, normochromic anemia |
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Describe the pathogenesis of anemia of chronic renal insufficiency?
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Kidneys don't make EPO
Marrow doesn't respond to EPO Uremia reduces EPO response |
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T or F:
Fe deficiency anemia is usually due to some sort of blood loss. |
True!
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What are some marrow diseases?
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Drug/Chemo/irridation induced
Myelofibrosis/myelophthisis Neoplasia (LSA & myeloma) FeLV or Parvo |
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What type of anemia is treated with each of the following?
- Fe supplementation - Folate/cobalamin supplement - immunosuppress - stop blood loss - EPO |
Fe deficiency - Fe supplementation
Pure red cell aplasia - Folate/cobalamin supplement Pure red cell aplasia, IMHA - immunosuppress Fe deficiency - stop blood loss Anemia of renal insufficiency - EPO |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding primary IMHA?
a) IgM more likely to activate complement b) Complement mediated most commonly c) often extravascular hemolysis d) Schistocytes e) American Cocker Spaniel |
b) Complement mediated most commonly (NO; this is less common but more significant)
d) Schistocytes (NO; spherocytes) |
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Choose intravascular or extravascular hemolysis (or both)
- fever - jaundice - splenomegaly more common - more commonly severe anemia - leukocytosis w/left shift |
BOTH - fever
Intravascular - jaundice Intravascular - splenomegaly more common Intravascular - more commonly severe anemia BOTH - leukocytosis w/left shift |
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How can you tell autoagglutination from Rouleaux?
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Drop of saline will disperse Rouleaux but not autoagglutination.
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What is the major cause of death in IMHA?
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Pulmonary thromboembolism
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What is Evan's syndrome?
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IMHA + IMTP
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What are causes of oxidant mediated hemolytic anemia? Which animals are mostly affected?
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Cats mostly due to alium (onion/garlic), acetaminophen, vit K3, benzocaine, propofol, etc
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Name the blood parasite associated with the following:
- severe and fatal in cats - usually nonpathogenic in dogs - mild anemia in dogs - mild anemia in cats |
Cytauxzoon - severe and fatal in cats
Mycoplasma hemocanis - usually nonpathogenic in dogs Babesia - mild anemia in dogs Mycoplasma hemofelis - mild anemia in cats |
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You see a cat with cyclical bouts of anemia. What gives? How should you treat it?
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Probably Mycoplasma hemofelis
Tx - Doxy +/- prednisolone Need to look for underlying dz (FeLV, immunosuppression, etc) |
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What are some causes of microangiopathic disease? What is the hallmark sign?
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SCHISTOCYTOSIS in CBC!!
d/t DIC, vasculitis, HSA, heartworm dz |
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What does the CBC look like in IMHA?
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Spherocytosis, anisocytosis, polychromasia, reticulocytosis
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What does the Chem/UA panel often look like in IMHA?
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Hemoglobinemia/uria, hyperbiliribubinemia/uria
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When should a transfusion be given?
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Low PCV + evidence of hypoxia
Ongoing severe hemorrhage |
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What are the dog blood groups that you gotta worry about? Cats?
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DEA 1.1 and 1.2
Just make sure to crossmatch cats! |
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Which factors are involved in...
- Common pathway - Extrinsic pathway - Intrinsic pathway |
V & X - Common pathway
VII - Extrinsic pathway XII, XI, IX, VIII - Intrinsic pathway |
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T or F:
Thrombin plays a role in the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. |
False!
Only the intrinsic (VIII and XI) |
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Which clotting factor does vWF interact with?
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VIII
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OK lets review...does PT or PTT measure the intrinsic pathway?
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PT = extrinsic
PTT = intrinsic |
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T or F:
PT is more affected in vitamin K antagonist toxicity. |
True!
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You see a dog with acute lameness, petechiae, and respiratory distress...what gives?
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Might be rodenticide toxicity!
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Which factors does PIVKA test?
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intermediates of factors II, VII, IX, and X (the vitamin K influenced factors)
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What is cryopoor plasma?
a) fresh frozen plasma b) no vWF c) no factor VII d) no factor VIII e) cheap plasma |
b) no vWF
d) no factor VIII e) cheap plasma (cheaper than FFP) |
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How is vitamin K antagonist toxicity treated?
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Plasma (maybe cryopoor)
Oxygen Vitamin K (parenteral + enteral) |
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T or F:
IMTP isn't really seen in cats. |
True (unless d/t methimazole)
More in Cocker, Poodle, and Olde English Sheepdog |
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What platelet concentration is associated with...
- Erlichiosis - Secondary IMTP - Spontaneous hemorrhage - moderate risk of spontaneous hemorrhage - primary IMTP |
~5000 - Erlichiosis
>20K - Secondary IMTP <5000- Spontaneous hemorrhage <15K - moderate risk of spontaneous hemorrhage <15K - primary IMTP |
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How is IMTP treated?
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Maybe transfusion
Treat underlying disease! Immunosuppress if primary |
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Choose the type of vWD associated with...
- GSH and wirehaired pointers - complete absence of all multimers - all multimer sizes present - low numbers of HMW multimers - Doberman |
II - GSH and wirehaired pointers
III - complete absence of all multimers I - all multimer sizes present II - low numbers of HMW multimers I - Doberman |
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T or F:
Dogs with type I vWD usually have normal platelet counts. |
True!
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Which of the following are altered in vWD?
a) PT b) PTT c) ACT d) BMBT |
d) BMBT
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What types of hypersensitivity cause SLE? Which plays the largest role in disease?
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Type II
Type III (big one) Type IV |
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What is the end result of the hypersensitivity reactions in SLE?
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Apoptosis which creates more antigens for autoantibodies!
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Who gets SLE?
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Collies, Shelties, GSDs; often middle-aged and male
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What are signs of SLE?
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Fever, polyarthropathy (nonerosive/nonseptic), erythema, renal dz, lymphadenopathy
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Which of the following lab tests are NOT indicative of SLE?
a) monoclonal gammopathy b) Leukocytosis c) Anemia d) Positive Coomb's Test e) Thrombocytopenia |
a) monoclonal gammopathy (POLYCLONAL)
b) Leukocytosis (LEUKOPENIA) |
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What is diagnostic for SLE?
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Positive ANA test + at least 2 of the following:
Polyarthropathy, Skin Lesions, Proteinuria, Coomb's anemia, thrombocytopenia |
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Who gets idiopathic polyarthritis?
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Young, male, large-breed dogs
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Choose SLE, Idiopathic polyarthritis, or Rhumatoid Arthritis...
- Young male dogs - Mid-aged dogs - nonerosive, nonseptic polyarthropathy - Erosive polyarthropathy - small adult dogs |
Idiopathic - Young male dogs
SLE - Mid-aged dogs Idiopathic & SLE - nonerosive, nonseptic polyarthropathy RA - Erosive polyarthropathy RA - small adult dogs |
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Choose SLE, Idiopathic polyarthritis, or Rhumatoid Arthritis...
- Akitas - anti-IgG antibody positive - antinuclear antibody positive - glomerulonephritis |
Choose SLE, Idiopathic polyarthritis, or Rhumatoid Arthritis...
Idiopathic - Akitas RA - anti-IgG antibody positive SLE - antinuclear antibody positive RA & SLE - glomerulonephritis |
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Choose the immune-mediated arthropathy that is...
- Rare in dogs but common in cats - Common in dogs - SLE is an important differential - BMD w/CNS involvement |
Feline Polyarthritis - Rare in dogs but common in cats
Idiopathic Polyarthritis - Common in dogs Idiopathic Polyarthritis - SLE is an important differential Polyarthritis/Meningitis Syndrome - BMD w/CNS involvement |
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Which of the following are NOT TRUE regarding immunity?
a) B cell response to antigen is part of cell-mediated immunity b) Recognition of MHC-I stimulates cytotoxic T cells. c) T cells recognize both MHC-I and MHC-II. d) NK cells are part of cell-mediated immunity. e) Lysosomes and dendritic cells are part of innate immunuty. |
a) B cell response to antigen is part of cell-mediated immunity (NO; HUMORAL)
d) NK cells are part of cell-mediated immunit (NO; INNATE) |
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What protein is activated by glucocorticoids? What happens next?
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Glucocorticoids stimulate IkB-alpha which inhibits the production of NF-kB.
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Why do cats need higher glucocorticoid doses?
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Less sensitive receptors!
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Which of the following ARE NOT systemic glucocorticoid effects?
a) Alopecia b) Hyperkeratosis c) Increases Ca resorption and Ca excretion d) Increases BMR e) Calcinotis Cutis |
b) Hyperkeratosis (NO; THIN SKIN)
d) Increases BMR (NO; decreases T4/T3 via TSH) |
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How do glucocorticoids affect the CBC?
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Stress leukogram!
Neutrophilia, Monocytosis, Lymphopenia, Eosinopenia; also causes thrombocytosis |
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Which of the following statements are NOT true?
a) Betamethasone is a long-acting and very potent glucocorticoid b) Dexamethasone has no mineralocorticoid activity c) Dexamethasone is more potent than betamethasone d) Triamcinolone is 3x more potent than hydrocortisone e) Cortisone and Prednisone are short-acting |
c) Dexamethasone is more potent than betamethasone (MAYBE; Beta is 25-40 while Dexa is 30)
d) Triamcinolone is 3x more potent than hydrocortisone (NO; 5x) e) Cortisone and Prednisone are short-acting (NO; Cort and Hydrocort are short acting) |
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Identify the following as ultra short acting or long acting:
- Na succinate - Acetate - Na phosphate - Hemisuccinate - Acetonide |
Short - Na succinate
Long - Acetate Short - Na phosphate Short - Hemisuccinate Long - Acetonide |
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Choose the immunosuppressive drug that does the following:
- Causes profound BM suppression in cats - Hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs - good for poorly-responsive IMHA in dogs - interferes w/DNA synthesis and cell adhesion |
Azathioprine - Causes profound BM suppression in cats
Cyclophosphamide - Hemorrhagic cystitis in dogs Leflunomide - good for poorly-responsive IMHA in dogs Mycophenolate - interferes w/DNA synthesis and cell adhesion |
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Choose the immunosuppressive drug that does the following:
- Only affects DIVIDING T and B cells - causes T-cell suppression and gingival hyperplasia - contraindicated in SLE - folic acid antagonist |
Azathioprine - Only affects DIVIDING T and B cells
Cyclosporine - causes T-cell suppression and gingival hyperplasia Au salts - contraindicated in SLE Methotrexate - folic acid antagonist |
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Choose the immunosuppressive drug that does the following:
- great for cats w/LSA or leukemia - indicated for perianal fistulas - indicated for MG, aplastic anemia, masticatory myositis - alkylating agent affects resting and dividing cells |
Chlorambucil - great for cats w/LSA or leukemia
Cyclosporine - indicated for perianal fistulas Mycophenolate - indicated for MG, aplastic anemia, masticatory myositis Cyclophosphamide - alkylating agent affects resting and dividing cells |
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Choose the immunostimulant associated with:
- TLR activation - malignant melanoma treatment in dogs - canine osteosarcoma treatment - anthelminthic |
Probiotics - TLR activation
P. acnes - malignant melanoma treatment in dogs Muramyl dipeptide - canine osteosarcoma treatment Levamisole - anthelminthic |
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Which 3 cells arise from a myeloblast?
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Eosinophil
Basophil Neutrophil |
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How long does it take for neutrophils to be released after stimulation? How long are they in circulation?
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7days
Only in circulation for hours |
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How do cats handle stress differently than dogs (on the CBC)?
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Dogs get lymphopenia
Cats get lymphocytosis |
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How can one discern leukemia from a leukemoid response? What condition is it associated with?
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No blast cells in leukemoid response; common in IMHA
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If you see young white AND red blood cells in circulation, what is it called?
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Leukoerythroblastic response
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T or F:
Infection, inflammation, and immunodeficiency can all lead to either neutrophilia OR neutropenia. |
True!
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Which of the following are NOT true?
a) Pulger-Huet neutrophils have reduced function b) Aussie Shepherds with an autosomal recessive cLamin B gene get the Pulger-Huet Anomaly c) Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is common in Aussie Shepherds d) Pale eosinophilic inclusion bodies in granulocytes and monocytes are the hallmark of Chediak-Higashi Syndrome e) Both Chediak-Higashi Syndrom and Pulger-Huet Anomalies have decreased chemotaxis. |
a) Pulger-Huet neutrophils have reduced function (NO, they work fine)
b) Aussie Shepherds with an autosomal recessive cLamin B gene get the Pulger-Huet Anomaly (DOMINANT) c) Chediak-Higashi Syndrome is common in Aussie Shepherds (NO; Smoke Blue Persians) e) Both Chediak-Higashi Syndrom and Pulger-Huet Anomalies have decreased chemotaxis (NO; only Chediak-Higashi) |
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What are some clinical signs of Chediak-Higashi syndrome?
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Frequent infections
Hemorrhage Cataracts Light pigmentation |
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Name the leukocyte disorder associated with:
- Bull terriers - GSDs - Birman Cat - Irish Setter - Rough/Smooth Collies |
Lethal acrodermatitis - Bull terriers
IgA deficiency - GSDs Neutrophil Granulation Anomaly - Birman Cat Leukocyte Adhesion Defect - Irish Setter Cyclic Hematopoiesis - Rough/Smooth Collies |
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Name the leukocyte disorder associated with:
- doesn't manifest till 3 yrs - pink/purple granules in neutrophils - Musculoskeletal or CNS signs - Lymphoid tissue atrophy |
Shar-Pei Immunodeficiency - doesn't manifest till 3 yrs
Birman Cat LAD - pink/purple granules in neutrophils Lysosomal Storage Dz - Musculoskeletal or CNS signs X-Linked SCID; LEthal acrodermatitis - Lymphoid tissue atrophy |
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Name the leukocyte disorder associated with:
- neutropenia w/rebound neutrophilia - autosomal dominant - Corgis and Bassets - Interleukin defect |
Cyclic hematopoiesis - neutropenia w/rebound neutrophilia
Pulger-Huet - autosomal dominant Canine X-linked SCID - Corgis and Bassets Canine X-linked SCID - Interleukin defect |
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What are lab abnormalities commonly seen in splenic disease?
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Schistocytes, nRBC, thrombocytopenia
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T or F:
A splenic mass without hemoabdomen is unlikely to be benign. |
False! 60% of these are benign
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T or F:
A splenic mass with hemoabdomen is unlikely to be benign. |
True! 63-80% of these are malignant
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___________ are highly suggestive of neoplastic splenic disease.
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Schistocytes
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Nucleated RBCs are associated with which splenic conditions?
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Extramedullary hematopoiesis
Leukoerythroblastic response |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding the spleen:
a) the head is between the stomach and left kidney on VD b) hypoechoic texture near the splenic veins is indicative of HSA c) the splenic tail is not typically seen in the cat d) splenic torsion resembles a trouser snake on lateral rad e) echotexture cannot distinguish benign from malignant splenic masses |
b) hypoechoic texture near the splenic veins is indicative of HSA (NO; this is NORMAL fat deposition)
d) splenic torsion resembles a trouser snake on lateral rad (NO; torsion or hemorrage causes decreased detail) |
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Which of the following are part of a normal splenic aspirate?
a) neutrophils b) eosinophils c) lymphocytes (large) d) lymphocytes (small) e) macrophages |
a) neutrophils (rare)
d) lymphocytes (small) e) macrophages (a few) (also a few plasma cells) |
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What cardiovascular anomaly is associated with splenectomy?
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Ventricular arrthymias
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Splenectomy predisposes animals to which diseases?
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Mycoplasma, Ehrlichia canis, Babesia canis
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T or F:
Nodular hyerplasia and hematoma are thought to be different stages of the same process. |
True
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T or F:
Splenic hematoma occurs rarely in the cat due to differences in vasculature and anatomy. |
True
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Which drugs can cause splenic congestion?
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Phenothiazine
Barbiturate |
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Choose benign focal, benign diffuse, splenitis, congestion, or malignant:
- Blastomycosis - Abscess - Chronic anemia - right-sided CHF - granuloma |
splenitis - Blastomycosis
benign focal - Abscess benign diffuse - Chronic anemia congestion - right-sided CHF benign focal - granuloma |
