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126 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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From which cell line does sarcoma derive?
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Mesothelial
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From which cell line does carcinoma derive?
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Epithelial
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In coagulation necrosis, is the architecture maintained or disordered?
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Maintained
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What are the types of necrosis? Which is most common?
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Coagulation (most common)
Caseous Liquifactive Fat Gangrene |
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What are the types of gangrene?
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Dry
Moist (wet) Gas (form of moist) |
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Which necrosis resembles cottage cheese? What animals is it common in?
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Caseous necrosis; common in birds and reptiles
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What kind of necrosis involves soponification?
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Fat necrosis (Ca-lipid esters)
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What are the three routes of metastasis?
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Implantation
Direct invasion (intra-organ spread) Vascular |
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What are the two most common routes of vascular metastasis?
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Veins and lymph
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What is the term for a pre-neoplastic lesion?
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Dysplasia
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What is the most common cause for acute cellular swelling?
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Hypoxia
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What are common causes of coagulation necrosis?
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Ischemia (vascular infarct)
Chemical toxicity Burns Trauma |
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What are common causes of caseous necrosis?
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Associated w/inflammation and disease
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Where are some common places to find liquification necrosis?
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CNS
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What is a common type of necrosis found in bone marrow?
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Fat necrosis
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What is a term for any tissue swelling?
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Tumor
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What is the most common neoplasm in dogs?
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Lipoma and cutaneous histocytomas (skin and soft tissue); benign most common
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What is tissue growth that exceeds and is uncoordinated w/normal tissue and persists after the stimuli that provoked it is revoked?
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Neoplasia
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What are the two types of cell death?
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Oncotic necrosis
Apoptosis |
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Are malignant or benign tumors encapsulated?
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Benign
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What is a malignant mesenchymal tumor called?
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Sarcoma
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What is BCL-2's role in apoptosis?
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Anti-apoptotic
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How long does necrosis normally take?
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4 - 6 hrs
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What is the nuclear to cytoplasm ratio in malignant tumors? What does this suggest?
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High ratio suggestive of polyploidy
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What are some ultrastructural changes on neoplastic cells?
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Loss of contact inhibition
Decreased cohesiveness Dysfunctional cytoskeleton |
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How does the metabolism shift in neoplastic cells?
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Anaerobic (acidic cytoplasm)
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What is the fundamental change in reversible cell injury?
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Cell swelling
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What do neoplastic cells need to recruit to grow? What is this process called?
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Blood vessels recruited through angiogenesis
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What are two angiogenesis stimulating factors?
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Angiogenin
Vascular endothelial GF |
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What are the types of amyloid?
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AA (amyloid A)
sAL (serum amyloid A) Beta amaloid (alzheimers) Endocrine amyloid |
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What should a good description include?
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Precise location (w/relation to other tissues)
Size, shape, and color consistency odor sectioned surface |
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T or F:
Both descriptions and morphologic diagnoses are interpretive. |
False!
Descriptions should NOT be interpretive! |
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What items should a morphological diagnosis include?
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Severity
Duration Distribution Location Modifier Tissue + process |
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Pus, fibrin, and hemorrhage is associated with what level of duration?
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acute
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Fibrosis and granulomatous change is associated with what duration?
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chronic (NOT SUB-ACUTE)
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What is a descriptive term for the distribution of a small, solitary lesion?
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focal
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If an entire organ is affected, what is the descriptive term that is used?
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Diffuse
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What is the naming convention for neoplasms?
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Distribution
Tumor name Location |
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What are examples of exogenous pigments?
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Carbon (soot or tattoos)
Dust (silica; asbestos) Metals (Pb; Bi) Carotenoids Chlorophyll |
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What are some classes of endogenous pigments?
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Phenols (melanin)
Hematogenous pigments Lipofuscins |
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Which hematogenous pigment(s) is/are bright red? What is the cause of each?
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Oxyhemoglobin (bright red; oxygenated Hb)
Carboxyhemoglobin (cherry red; CO + Hb) |
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Which hematogenous pigment(s) is/are dark brown? What is the cause of each?
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Methemoglobin (chocolate brown; ferric state)
Sulfhemoglobin (dark brown; ferric Fe + sulfide) |
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Which hematogenous pigment(s) is/are dark red? What is the cause of each?
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Reduced hemoglobin (dark red; ferrous Fe)
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Which hematogenous pigment(s) is/are green? What is the cause of each?
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Sulfur methemoglobin (green; post-mortem change)
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What reaction causes hematin formation? Is it ever normal?
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Hb + acid = hematin
Not normal |
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T or F:
Hemosiderin and ferritin are chemically the same |
True!
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What are causes of and/or common places to find accumulated hemosiderin?
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Red pulp of spleen
Anywhere RBCs disentigrate |
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Bile quiz:
What is precipitated bilirubin known as? |
Hematoidin
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Bile quiz:
Which bile pigment is responsible for icterus? For jaundice? |
Jaundice and icterus are the same thing, dumbass!
Bilirubin is responsible |
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Bile quiz:
After the heme is cleaved, what are the steps to excrete the porphyrin waste? |
Porphyrin > Biliverdin > Bilirubin > Bilirubin + Albumin > Conjugated Bilirubin > Bile
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Bile Quiz:
Which form(s) of bilirubin are water soluble? |
Conjugated Bilirubin
Biliribun + Albumin complex |
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Bile Quiz:
Which form(s) of bilirubin are alcohol soluble? |
Unconjugated bilirubin
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Which pigments can be associated with photosensitization?
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porphyrins
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Which pigment(s) are the "wear and tear" pigments?
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LIpofuscin
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What color is fluke puke? What is it made of?
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Black; from hematin
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Brown teeth in cattle are an example of...
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...congenital porphyria
(porphyrin pigment staining) |
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Yellow teeth in dogs can be an example of...
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...calculus (of course) but more interestingly tetracycline staining
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Post mortem staining of tissues by hemoglobin is known as...
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...hemoglobin imbibition
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Post mortem staining of tissues by bile is known as...
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...bile imbibition
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What are some possible causes of yellow pigment in tissues? How can these be differentiated?
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Carotenoids
Bilirubin (Jaundice) Look for a place w/o fat; if its yellow, it's bilirubin! |
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Oh no! My bitch just had puppies and their placentas are green! Is this OK? What is going on?
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Yup. It's just uteroverdin and its normal!
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Why can neonate kidneys appear green?
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Switching from fetal to adult Hb
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What is the process of rot while animal is still alive?
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Necrosis
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Who rots faster and why (per unit body weight) - an elephant or a mouse? How about an iguana or an elephant?
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Elephant (larger volume and more heat conservation)
Iguana (bacterial enzymes rots quicker) |
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Which organ rots the fastest and why?
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Pancreas; due to digestive enzymes
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T or F:
Degeneration is reversible cell injury |
True!
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What are some generic sequelae to cellular injury (think reversible and irreversible)?
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Adapt (hypertrophy or hypotrophy)
Be injured but recover Be injured and die (apoptosis) Be injured and die (necrosis) Be injured and become neoplastic |
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What is the most common type of reversible cell injury?
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swelling
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Which cells are the most insulin-sensitive?
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Adipose
Striated muscle Hepatocytes |
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Why do cells swell when hypoxic?
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No O2 = no ATP; no ATP = no Na/K ATP pump; no pump = no gradient and influx of Na. Water follows Na.
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What are some nutritional causes of plasma membrane damage?
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Vitamin E and Se deficiencies
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What hepatic enzyme is necessary to process lipids?
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Apolipoprotein
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T or F:
Swollen mitochondria are the first organelle change noted in oncotic necrosis due to anoxia |
True!
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Why are necrotic cells at a lower pH?
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Denatured protein increases H+
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Nuclear shrinkage and condensation of heterochromatin is known as...
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...pyknosis
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Fragmentation of the nucleus is known as...
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...karyorrhexis
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T or F:
Cells usually swell and burst in apoptosis and shrink during necrosis. |
False.
They swell in necrosis and shrink in apoptosis |
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What are the two types of cell death?
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Oncotic necrosis
Apoptosis |
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T or F:
Fat necrosis is a form of coagulation necrosis. |
True
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What is a common complication that is found with fat necrosis?
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Mineralization
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What should you call dead tissue in the middle of live tissue? Where does this commonly happen?
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Sequestrum
Happens in brain, bone, and lung |
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With which types of necrosis is mineralization frequently associated?
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Caseous and fat necrosis
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What are the two main types of pathologic calcification?
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Metastatic and dystrophic calcification
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T or F:
Heterotopic bone is a form of dystrophic calcification |
False.
Heterotopic bone is organized bone in the wrong place. |
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T or F:
Metastatic calcification is caused by elevated levels of Ca. |
True!
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What are three types of hyperparathyroidism discussed in class and their causes?
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Primary (parathyroid tumor)
Pseudo (canine anal sac adenocarcinoma release PTH-like hormone) Renal secondary (kidney retain P; causes Ca mobilization via PTH) |
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What are some causes of hypercalcemia discussed?
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Hyperparathyroidism (primary and pseudo)
Hypervitaminosis D Addisons Bone lysis (via neoplasia) |
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Having a Ca:P ratio with insufficient Ca can lead to what condition?
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Nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism
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What element is important to control in patients with renal failure?
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Phosphorus
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In which animals can extracellular urate deposits be seen?
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Birds and reptiles
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Extracellular oxalate crystals can be seen with toxicity to what substance?
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antifreeze
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T or F:
Amyloidosis is a type of hyaline change |
True
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Amyloid L is a polymer of what origin?
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Ig light chains
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Which stain is used for amyloid? What ultrastructural component of amyloid does this stain exploit?
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Congo red slips between the pleated sheets
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What is the most common form of amyloid in animals? Where is this commonly found?
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SAA
In kidney, spleen, and liver |
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Failure to develop beyond primordial tissue is..
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Aplasia
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This condition features hypercalcemia, one enlarged parathyroid and atrophy of other parathyroids.
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Primary hyperthyroidism
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This pigment is responsible for the dark brown urine and renal discoloration seen in ovine Cu toxicity
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Hemoglobin (methemeglobin)
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Name the family of enzymes critical in degradative apoptosis?
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Capsases
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These cells are transformed in this splenic hemangiosarcoma (what kind of cells)
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Endothelial cells
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An important rule out for neoplasia, this type of inflammation is often assocated w/fungi.
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Granulomatous
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These malignant neoplasms fail to form a solid mass anywhere in the body
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Leukemia
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Release of this compound from damaged mitochondria is implicated as a key initiator of apoptosis?
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Cytochrome c
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T or F: excessive BCL2 expression leads to cellular apoptosis
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False
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Term for failure to develop a lumen or orifice
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atresia
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Term for pigmented sheep brain
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melanosis
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This pigment may fluoresce when exposed to UV light
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Lipofuscin/ceroid
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What are non-neoplastic disturbances of cell growth (give 4 examples)?
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Hypertrophy
Hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy |
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Presence of a lump of tissue with failure to develop is...
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...aplasia
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Complete absence of an organ or tissue is...
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...agenesis
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Incomplete growth in development is known as...
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...hypoplasia
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What form of disordered growth is considered a pre-neoplastic lesion?
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Dysplasia
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What enzyme does the caspase cascade activate?
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Endonucleases
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T or F:
Apoptotic cells have random DNA fragments. |
False! This describes cells that have dies via oncotic necrosis. Apoptotic cells have ordered degeneration.
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What inhibits cytochrome c?
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BCL2
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What is an excessive blob of tissue known as? How about if its in the wrong spot?
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hamartoma
choristoma in the wrong spot |
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When are major morphologic abnormalities generally induced in gestation?
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Early in development
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When would physiologic defects occur in embryonic development?
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Latter part
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T or F:
All congenital lesions are inherited. |
False!
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T or F:
All congenital lesions are genetic in origin. |
False (but most are)
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Change in cell character to a more primitive state known as?
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Anaplasia
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T or F:
Cancer describes any malignant neoplasm. |
True
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The term for a benign neoplasm of epithelial origin ends in...
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...oma
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The term for a benign neoplasm of mesenchymal origin ends in...
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...oma
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The term for a malignant neoplasm of mesenchymal origin ends in...
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...sarcoma
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The term for a malignant neoplasm of epithelial origin ends in...
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...carcinoma
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