Bryan - Neurosciences - Objectives 1 - 4

Front 1

What do alpha neurons innervate? Beta neurons? Gamma neurons?

Back 1

Alpha - skeletal muscle
Beta - smooth/cardiac muscle and glands
Gamma - muscle spindles

Front 2

Which membranes cover the brain?

Back 2

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

Front 3

T or F:
Since white matter is the least susceptible to anoxia, brain stem is less susceptible to anoxia than the cerebral cortex.

Back 3

True!

Front 4

From which embryonic layer is the nervous system derived?

Back 4

Ectoderm

Front 5

What does the neural tube become? The neural crest cells?

Back 5

Neural tube - neurons and neuroglia
Neural crest cells - Spinal and autonomic ganglia and neurolemmocytes

Front 6

What are the three parts of the 3-vesicle stage of neurulation?

Back 6

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

Front 7

What are the three parts of the 5-vesicle stage of neurulation? What is each derived from (from 3-vesicle stage)?

Back 7

Telencephalon and Diencephalon (Prosencephalon)
Mesencephalon (Mesencephalon)
Metencephalon and Myelencephalon (Rhombencephalon)

Front 8

What are the ultimate fates of regions of the 5-vesicle stage of neurulation?

Back 8

Telencephalon > Cerebral hemispheres
Diencephalon > Thalamus, Hypothalamus, and Epithalamus
Mesencephalon > Midbrain
Metencephalon > Pons
Myelencephalon > Medulla

Front 9

Failure of neural groove to close correctly leads to which condition(s)?

Back 9

Anencephaly and spina bifida

Front 10

What are the four functional divisions of the CNS?

Back 10

1. Spinal cord
2. Brain stem
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebral hemispheres

Front 11

What comprises the brain stem?

Back 11

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain
Diencephalon

Front 12

Identify I thru V

Back 12

I - Telencephalon (Cerebral hemispheres)
II - Diencephalon (Thalamus/Hypothalamus/Epithalamus)
III - Mesencephalon (Midbrain)
IV - Metencephalon (Cerebellum and Pons)
V - Mylencephalon (Spinal cord)

Front 13

Identify these brainiac structures

Back 13

A - Olfactory bulb (CN I)
B - Optic Nerve (CN II)
C - Optic Chiasm
D - Piriform lobe
E - Optic tract

Front 14

T or F:
The Cisterna Magna and lumbosacral space are acceptable for a CSF tap in a dog.

Back 14

False.
The lumbosacral space is too far caudal. Should be done at L5 or L6.

Front 15

T or F:
The Cisterna Magna and lumbosacral space are appropriate regions for CSF taps in horses.

Back 15

True!

Front 16

Where are two places to draw CSF from a horse and how should they be oriented in each situation?

Back 16

1. lumbosacral space with the horse standing
2. Cisterna Magna with the horse sedated. Point needle toward lower jaw and NOT the eye!

Front 17

Where does the spinal cord end in the following species: man, dog, horse

Back 17

Man - L2
Dog - L6
Horse - S2

Front 18

What spinal cord segments lie under L3?

Back 18

L3 and cranial L4

Front 19

T or F:
the caudal portion of L4, L5, L6, and cranial L7 all lie under the L4 vertebra.

Back 19

True! Lotsa stuff under this one...

Front 20

Which spinal cord segments are under L5?

Back 20

Caudal L7, S1 thru S3

Front 21

Which spinal cord segments are under L6?

Back 21

Coccygeal 1 - 5

Front 22

Name the 6 major FUNCTIONAL regions of the spinal cord and their approximate location (in the dog).

Back 22

1. Upper cervical C1 - C5
2. Cervical enlargement C6 - T1
3. Thoracic & upper lumbar T2 - L3
4. Lumbar enlargement L4 - S2
5. Sacral S1 - S3
6. Caudal (coccygeal) Ca1 -

Front 23

Which spinal cord segments would be likely be found under L4 in a Boston Terrier?

Back 23

L5 - L7 (all of L7). Small dogs are ~1 segment more caudal!

Front 24

ID these parts of a spinal cord cross section

Back 24

A - Dorsal horn
B - Ventral horn
C - Central canal
D - Dorsal median sulcus
E - Ventral median fissure

Front 25

ID these parts of a spinal cord cross section

Back 25

A - Dorsal horn
B - Ventral horn
C - Central canal
D - Dorsal median sulcus
E - Ventral median fissure

Front 26

ID these spinal cord cross sectional regions

Back 26

A - Dorsal funiculus
B - Lateral funiculus
C - Ventral funiculus
D - Dorsal root ganglion

Front 27

What do a ganglion and nucleus have in common? How do they differ?

Back 27

Both are collections of nerve cell bodies. Ganglia are outside the CNS and nuclei are within the CNS

Front 28

What structure produces CSF? What cells are responsible for this?

Back 28

Choroid Plexus
Modified Ependymal Cells

Front 29

Through which structure does CSF flow from the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle?

Back 29

The Interventricular foramen (Foramen of MOnro)

Front 30

What structure connects the third and fourth ventricles?

Back 30

Mesencephalic aqueduct (cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius)

Front 31

Where does most CSF exit the ventricular system?

Back 31

Via the lateral recesses

Front 32

What is the region where the pia mater contacts ependymal tissue called? Add in the vessels contacting the pia mater and what do you have now?

Back 32

Tela choroidea
Choroid plexus

Front 33

What is the only way to decrease CSF production?

Back 33

Increase the osmolality of the blood

Front 34

How long does it take to move drugs from the lateral ventricle to the lumbosacral space?

Back 34

~40min (in humans)

Front 35

What condition arises from an obstruction of internal CSF flow pattern?

Back 35

Hydrocephalus

Front 36

What are the four regions of the neocortex?

Back 36

Frontal lobe
Parietal lobe
Temporal lobe
Occipital lobe

Front 37

In which meningeal space is CSF found?

Back 37

Subarachnoid

Front 38

Which glial cell myelinates axons in the CNS?

Back 38

Oligodendrocyte

Front 39

What is the main structure at the cellular level that makes the blood-brain barrier effective?

Back 39

Nonfenestrated capillaries with tight junctions between endothelial cells

Front 40

Which space inside the brain does not contain choroid plexus?

Back 40

Cerebral aqueduct

Front 41

What is the optimum location for a CSF tap in a golden retriever?

Back 41

L5-L6