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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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T or F:
Both ketosis and hypocalcemia are preventable with proper nutrition. |
True!
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What are the ketone bodies?
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Acetoacetic acid
Acetone Beta hydroxybutyric acid |
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Which of the following are true regarding ketosis?
a) 6-8% of cattle are affected with clinical ketosis annually b) the highest incidence occurs within 10 days postpartum c) up to 25% of cattle are thought to have subclinical ketosis in the first week postpartum d) usually affects the skinny cows |
a) 6-8% of cattle are affected with clinical ketosis annually
c) up to 25% of cattle are thought to have subclinical ketosis in the first week postpartum (note - highest incidence @ 3 wks postpartum; affects FAT cows) |
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Gluconeogenesis relies on which substance primarily?
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Proprionate
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What is the transition period in dairy management? When does the dry period start?
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Transition (3 wks pre-parturition to 6 wks post calving)
Dry period (~305d post parturition) |
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T or F:
An elevated temperature is commonly not associated with ketosis. |
True!
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Which of the following are good goals to prevent ketosis in the transition cow?
a) feed a low Ca diet b) reduce dry matter intake c) increase dry matter intake d) reduce stress e) reduce caloric intake |
c) increase dry matter intake
d) reduce stress |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding ketosis?
a) all tissues can use ketones for energy b) most cattle cannot ingest enough feed to meet energy needs during early and peak lactation c) energy requirements double with the onset of lactation d) dry matter intake increases with lactation output e) the lowest energy balance is at month 2 or 3 |
a) all tissues can use ketones for energy (not the liver!)
c) energy requirements double with the onset of lactation (no they quadruple) d) dry matter intake increases with lactation output (nope, DMI lags by 2 or 3 weeks) |
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What causes decreased dry matter intake?
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Physical inability to eat as much (d/t pregnancy);
Also prolactin is an appetite suppressant |
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Choose type I or type II ketosis for the following:
- associated with fatty liver - occurs during peak lactation - occurs 1-10d post parturition - most common - high urine ketones |
II - associated with fatty liver
I - occurs during peak lactation II - occurs 1-10d post parturition I - most common I - high urine ketones |
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Choose type I or type II ketosis for the following:
- very low blood glucose - occurs 3-6 wks postpartum - high blood NEFA - moderate urine ketones - poor prognosis |
I - very low blood glucose
I - occurs 3-6 wks postpartum I & II - high blood NEFA II - moderate urine ketones II - poor prognosis |
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Which of the following are not true regarding ketosis?
a) Hypoglycemia results in fat mobilization b) insulin is pro lipolytic c) insulin and epinephrine convert triglycerides to NEFAs d) beta oxidation converts NEFAs to ketones e) oxaloacetate can regenerate pyruvate |
b) insulin is pro lipolytic (NO, it is anti-lypolytic)
d) beta oxidation converts NEFAs to ketones (no, ketones occur when there is insufficient oxidation) |
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Which of the following clinical signs are consistent with ketosis?
a) hear heartbeat in the rumen b) tachycardia and tachypnea c) diarrhea d) blind, aggressive, drooling e) won't eat concentrates |
a) hear heartbeat in the rumen
d) blind, aggressive, drooling e) won't eat concentrates (normal vitals, dry manure and haircoat, hypomotile rumen) |
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What is the rate-limiting substance for efficient oxidation of Acetyl CoA? Where does this substance come from?
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Oxaloacetate (made from proprionate, lactate, and pyruvate)
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T or F:
Most fats in the liver are in the form of FFAs. |
False! They're NEFAs!
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Name the body fluid associated with the following (in ketosis):
- highest ketone concentration - lowest ketone concentration - overly sensitive ketone tests - most accurate ketone test - specific and sensitive for cowside diagnosis |
Urine - highest ketone concentration
Milk - lowest ketone concentration Urine - overly sensitive ketone tests Milk - most accurate ketone test Blood - specific and sensitive for cowside diagnosis |
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What are levels of ketones of the following substances in a cow with ketosis?
Urine Blood Milk |
>84mg/dL urine
>30 blood >10 milk |
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Which of the following clin-path values are NOT true regarding ketosis?
a) elevated AST, SDH, and liver function values b) Liver values resemble that of cows with fatty liver syndrome c) lymphopenia and neutropenia d) hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia e) liver biopsy and fat analysis is the only reliable way to ascertain degree of hepatic lipidosis |
b) Liver values resemble that of cows with fatty liver syndrome (no, they're more mild)
c) lymphopenia and neutropenia (no, lymphocytosis, neutropenia, eosinophilia) |
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T or F:
Pooled threshold values for NEFAs and BHBs are often higher than values for the individual. |
False!
Pooled values should be LOWER |
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Choose the ketone treatment associated with the following:
- causes body gluconeogenesis from body protein stores - may lead to LDA - most appropriate for chronic ketosis - questionable efficacy - can be given via drenching |
Glucocorticoids - causes body gluconeogenesis from body protein stores
IV glucose - may lead to LDA Insulin - most appropriate for chronic ketosis Choline - questionable efficacy Propylene glycol - can be given via drenching |
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What BCS should be the target for pre-partum cattle to prevent ketosis?
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3.25 - 3.75
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What is the most important factor in ketosis prevention?
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keep DMI high in late gestation and early lactation
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Which of the following regarding parturient paresis are not true?
a) more cows affected than ketosis b) seen commonly in Jerseys c) almost never seen in heifers d) occurs 3-6 weeks after calving e) can be prevented by feeding HCl |
a) more cows affected than ketosis (NO; only 5-6%)
d) occurs 3-6 weeks after calving (no; within 24 hrs of calving) |
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Which stage of parturient paresis is associated with the following:
- Bloat - rarely observed - increased HR & hypothermia - marked tachycardia - sternally recumbent & flaccid paralysis |
III - Bloat
I - rarely observed II - increased HR & hypothermia III - marked tachycardia II - sternally recumbent & flaccid paralysis |
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T or F:
Stage I parturient paresis involves cool extremities, fine tremors, and ataxia. |
True!
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What are the 3 electrolyte values that characterize parturient paresis?
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Hypo Ca
Hypo P Variable Mg concentrations |
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Which of the following are not true regarding the pathogenesis of parturient paresis?
a) Low Mg impairs PTH activity b) Mg is lost due to PTH activity c) Acidosis impairs PTH activity d) PTH leads to P loss e) PTH production is inadequate in parturient paresis cattle |
b) Mg is lost due to PTH activity (no, PTH increases renal Mg absorption)
c) Acidosis impairs PTH activity (no, alkalosis impairs PTH) e) PTH production is inadequate in parturient paresis cattle (no, PTH production is normal but response is decreased) |
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An S-curved neck is associated with...
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...Stage II and III parturient paresis
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Which of the following are not true regarding the clin path of parturient paresis?
a) Serum total Ca doesn't always correlate with clinical signs b) Total Ca <7.5mg/dl usually result in clinical signs c) blood glucose is typically low d) ionized Ca does not correlate well with clinical signs e) serum P is generally 3-5mg/dl |
c) blood glucose is typically low (no; normal to increased)
d) ionized Ca does not correlate well with clinical signs (no, it does) e) serum P is generally 3-5mg/dl (this is normal, P is usually 2-4mg/dl w/PP) |
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How is parturient paresis treated? Please list the treatment, dosage, and administration...
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IV Ca borogluconate (1g/45kg)
Usually just give the whole bottle but give it SLOWLY! |
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How can you monitor the administration of Ca in a parturient paresis cow? What are you feeling for? What rate should it be given ideally?
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Sit on her and feel the heartbeat with your butt. Heartbeat should get stronger but slow down. Give @ 0.07mEq/kg/min
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How can you ensure that you don't overdose a parturient paresis cow by giving Ca too fast?
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Sit on the cow and feel its heartbeat with your ass while administering fluids through a 14 or 16 ga needle
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What are some major sequellae to hypocalcemia in post-parturient cattle (even the ones who respond to treatment)?
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Dystocia
Ketosis Mastitis Metritis RFM (retained fetal membranes, bitches) |
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What are the 2 general strategies for hypo-Ca prevention? Which is better?
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Severely cut Ca in diet
Alter dietary anion:cation ratio (BEST) |
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Which of the following are true when preventing hypocalcemia with diet?
a) HCl is great! b) dietary cation/anion difference should be >15 c) metabolic acidosis improves PTH responsiveness d) Mg:K ratio should be 4:1 e) monitor via urine pH |
a) HCl is great!
c) metabolic acidosis improves PTH responsiveness e) monitor via urine pH (note: DCAD should be between -10 and -15; Mg:K should be 1:4, keeping K low) |
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Which of the following are NOT true regarding DCAD diets?
a) positive DCADs are beneficial for lactating animals b) positive DCADs help to prevent hypocalcemia c) negative DCADs help to prevent hypocalcemia d) negative DCADs are good for lactating animals |
a) positive DCADs are beneficial for lactating animals
c) negative DCADs help to prevent hypocalcemia |
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When is pregnancy toxemia usually seen?
a) 1-10 days post parturition b) 2-3 weeks before parturition c) 3-5 weeks post parturition d) 1-3 days before parturition |
b) 2-3 weeks before parturition
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Which of the following are not typically associated with pregnancy toxemia?
a) twins b) metabolic alkalosis c) high Mg, low Ca and P d) elevated BUN and creatinine e) ketonemia is often detected before ketonuria |
b) metabolic alkalosis (nope; acidosis)
c) high Mg, low Ca and P (low Mg) e) ketonemia is often detected before ketonuria (other way around) |
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Which of the following are not true regarding the treatment of pregnancy toxemia?
a) c-section is an option b) good prognosis if caught early c) dexamethasone can induce parturition d) IV glucose or propylene glycol can be used |
b) good prognosis if caught early (usually unsuccessful treatment)
d) IV glucose or propylene glycol can be used (propylene glycol is PO) |
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How can pregnancy toxemia be prevented?
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Feed good energy source (grain, high quality legume hay) last 4-6 wks of pregnancy
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T or F:
Hypomagnesemic tetany often has concurrent hypocalcemia. |
True
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Which group is commonly affected by hypomagnesemic tetany?
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lactating beef cattle
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Put the following in order of most to least susceptible to grass staggers.
a) Angus b) Holstein c) Brahman d) Hereford e) Jersey |
(most) Angus>Hereford>Jersey>Holstein>Brahman (least)
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What types of forage predispose an animal to grass staggers?
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Fast growing, cool season grasses/winter cereal grains (oats, barley, wheat)
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T or F:
Less Mg is absorbed when the rumen pH is low. |
False!
MORE Mg is absorbed in acidic conditions |
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Which of the following are not true?
a) high K results in lower Mg in plants b) high N results in lower Mg in plants c) high K in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen d) high N in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen e) N concentrations increase when plant growth is rapid |
d) high N in plants results in reduced Mg absorption in the rumen (nope, this is high K)
e) N concentrations increase when plant growth is rapid (nope, K concentrations increase with rapid growth) |
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T or F:
Pastures low in N and high in K predispose animals to grass staggers. |
False!
Pastures high in N and K (and low in Mg) predispose to grass staggers |
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Which of the following govern Mg homeostasis?
a) diet b) PTH c) osteoclast activity d) fat stores e) Na intake |
a) diet
e) Na intake (Na-linked active transport) |
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What is the most consistent clinical sign in hypomagnesemic tetany?
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Change in behavior (alert or aggressive)
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Which of the following clincial signs are congruent with grass staggers?
a) hear heartbeat in the rumen b) high body temp c) tachycardia d) flaccid paralysis e) loud heartbeat |
b) high body temp
c) tachycardia e) loud heartbeat |
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Which responds faster to therapy - milk tetany or grass staggers?
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Milk tetany!
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If you have a tetanic cow that suddenly died. What tissue should you obtain to test for hypomagnesemia?
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Eyeballs!
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T or F:
Absence of urine Mg is a good screening test for hypomagnesemia. |
False!
No Mg in urine means that blood urine is < 1.89mg/dL which, although low, isn't yet clinically hypomagnesemic. |
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You have a hypomagnesemic animal showing neuro signs. Predict the Mg values in the following fluids:
Blood Urine CSF |
Blood <1.0mg/dL
Urine 0mg/dL CSF <1.45 mg/dL |
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How is grass staggers treated?
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Prompt IV Ca and Mg (usually CaMgPK solution) + MgSO4 SQ
Maybe oral MgO supplementation (in gelcaps) |
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How can hypomagnesemia be prevented?
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Supplement w/Mg 2 wks prior to parturition
Ad-libitum NaCl |
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What are the 3 major methods for investigating abnormal milk?
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Strip plate/cup/boot
California Mastitis Test Milk Culture |
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Which electrolytes increase in the milk with cases of mastitis?
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Na and Cl
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T or F:
Lactose and casein is made in the glandular columnar epithelium while IgG is made in lymphoid tissue and exported into the gland. |
True!
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Which milk test is associated with the following:
- milk mixed with detergent - only detects clinical mastitis - rarely done due to milk opacity - can detect subclinical mastitis - requires special media |
CA mastitis test - milk mixed with detergent
Strip cup - only detects clinical mastitis Cytology - rarely done due to milk opacity CA mastitis test - can detect subclinical mastitis Culture - requires special media |
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What are NORMAL values of Na and K in milk? How do these compare to blood values?
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Na - 22mEq/L (blood is 140-145)
K - 38mEq/L (blood is usually 4) |
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When is acute clinical mastitis usually seen?
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End of dry period or beginning of lactation cycle
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Which organisms may cause a febrile presentation of mastitis?
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Pasteurella
Mycoplasma Staphylococcus (PMS - it's a bitchy cow with a fever) |
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Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- ZERO milk production - blue bag - Gram + organisms - don't use abx to treat - only chunky milk |
Toxic - ZERO milk production
Gangrenous - blue bag Acute & Gangrenous - Gram + organisms Toxic - don't use abx to treat Acute - only chunky milk |
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Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- Characterized by panneutropenia - udder is often sterile - Gram - organisms - treat with intra-mmary abx - chunky to purulent and bloody or gassy milk |
Toxic - Characterized by panneutropenia
Toxic - udder is often sterile Toxic - Gram - organisms Acute - treat with intra-mmary abx Gangrenous - chunky to purulent and bloody or gassy milk |
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Choose the form of mastitis associated with the following:
- Characterized by neutrophilia - watery to hemorrhagic milk - more likely to see systemic signs - S. agalactiae or dysgalactiae - E. coli |
Acute or Gangrenous - Characterized by neutrophilia
Toxic - watery to hemorrhagic milk Toxic - more likely to see systemic signs Acute - S. agalactiae or dysgalactiae Toxic - E. coli |
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When do cows usually present with toxic mastitis?
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Infected w/E. coli while dry and present w/signs 16-24 hrs after inflammatory response (d/t endotoxin release)
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Which organisms commonly cause acute mastitis?
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Gram positives!
(Strept agalactiae, dysgalactiae, or uberis; also Mycoplasma, P. candida, or S. aureus) |
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Which organism commonly is implicated in gangrenous mastitis?
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Staph aureus
Also Arcanobacter, Pasteurella |
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Which organisms are commonly implicated in mammary abscesses?
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Arcanobacterium
Staph. |
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What is the most common FUNGAL isolate in mastitis?
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Candidia
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Which of the following are NOT implicated in toxic mastitis?
a) E. coli b) Klebsiella c) Salmonella d) Pasteurella d) Pseudomonas e) Arcanobacter |
e) Arcanobacter
(the rest are gram negative) |
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Which of the following organisms are considered contagious causes of mastitis?
a) Pseudomonas b) Pasteurella c) E. coli d) Mycoplasma e) Strept agalactiae |
d) Mycoplasma
e) Strept agalactiae |
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Which of the following are considered environmental contaminants in mastitis?
a) E. coli b) Strept. uberis c) Strept. dysgalactiae d) Mycoplasma e) Arcanobacter |
a) E. coli
b) Strept. uberis e) Arcanobacter |
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Which organism is considered quasi-contagious (meaning normal reservoir is the teat skin and not the mammary gland)?
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Coagulase-negative Staphylococci
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Which organisms have the worst prognosis for mastitis? What other conditions may they be associated with?
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Staph aureus
Mycoplasma (assoc w/lameness, resp dz, and repro failure) |
