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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the common causes of secondary rumenal infections in the cow? What is a major cause of these?
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Arcanobacterium pyogenes
Fusobacterium Actinobacillus (low grade rumenitis) |
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What are the four manifestations of hardware disease?
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Traumatic reticulitis, reticuloperitonitis, reticulopleuritis, reticulopericarditis
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What is the classic presentation of traumatic reticulitis?
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Acute agalactia
Pyrexia NO rumen contractions Complete anorexia Cranial abdominal pain |
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What are the 3 main differentials for cranial abdominal pain in a cow?
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Traumatic reticulitis
Ruptured liver abscess Ruptured abomasal ulcer |
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What are the 2 major types of vagal indigestion? Which is most common?
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Failure of omasal transport (most common)
Failure of pyloric transport |
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What are the three causes of vagal indigestion?
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Nerve damage
Chronic overdistention Adhesions |
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A distended rumen is:
a) hyperdynamic b) hypodynamic |
a) hyperdynamic (at least until it gets TOO full for too long then nerve damage occurs causing hypomotility)
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What are the causes of pyloric transport failure?
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Ruptured ulcer
Nerve damage Chronic overdistention Hardware disease |
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How can one discern pyloric from omasal indigestion?
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History and bloodwork (metabolic alkalosis w/pyloric indigestion)
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What are the 4 protective mechanisms the rumen has from acids?
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(1) Non-ionized VFAs are removed (absorbed) readily
(2) Hypertrophy (papillation) occurs when VFAs are high (3) Contraction cycles increase epithelial contact and absorption (4) Rumenal outflow drains VFAs into lower GI |
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What is a common bacterial species that blooms with rumenal carbohydrate overload? Which bacterial species blooms next and why?
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Strept. bovis (produces lactate, lowering pH allowing for Lactobacillus to grow)
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Why do milk fats drop with grain overload?
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Low-grade rumenal acidosis causes this
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What is a major metric for subclinical acidosis?
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milk fat depression
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What are some laboratory signs associated with ruminal acidosis?
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Acid pH of rumen fluid
systemic metabolic acidosis hyperglycemia hyperchloremia dehydration degenerative left shift |
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What are some clinical signs of ruminal acidosis?
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fluid and gas distention of a hypomotile rumen
depression, anorexia, tachypnea, tachydarcia, CNS signs, dehydration |
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What are some medical treatments for rumen acidosis?
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Shock dose + oral fluids
Alkalinizing agents Thiamine (prevents secondary polioencephalomalacia) Cold water (kills bacteria) Abx and antifungals to prevent secondary infxn Alkalinizing agent in rumen |
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Which tumors are common in the rumen? Abomasum?
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Rumen (SCC)
Abomasum (lymphoma; adenocarcinoma) |
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Rumenal tumors are associated with ____________ while abomasal tumors are associated with _________________.
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Bracken fern; Bovine leukemia virus
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What are the attachment points of the bovine abomasum?
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Reticuloabomasal ligament (cranially);
duodenum + bile duct (caudally) |
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In most cattle, DA occurs when the _____________ slides under the rumen to the ____________.
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greater curvature of the abomasum slides under the rumen to the left
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Choose RDA or LDA for the following:
a) Holstein b) Swedish red and white |
a) Holstein (LDA)
b) Red & white (RDA) |
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Which is more likely to get a DA?
a) young beef cow b) old beef cow c) young dairy cow d) old dairy cow |
d) old dairy cow
(dairy more common than beef; young uncommon) |
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What are some causes of DA?
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Increased gas or gas accumulation (sub optimal fermentation or motility)
Empty rumen Diet change Hypo Ca metritis/mastitis/ketosis??? |
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What are the 2 locations that volvulus can occur in the cow stomach? Which is most severe?
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reticulum and omasum (most severe)
omasum and abomasum |
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Which of the following is a correct statement:
a) A RDA can turn into a volvulus b) A volvulus can turn into a RDA |
b) a volvulus can turn into a RDA (no vovulus can occur after the displacement due to the gas)
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Choose volvulus or DA...
...rapid drop in appetite and milk. |
volvulus
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Choose volvulus or DA...
...decrease in appetite and milk. |
DA
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Choose volvulus or DA...
...progressive ketosis. |
DA
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Choose volvulus or DA...
...rapid decline in condition. |
volvulus
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Choose volvulus or DA...
...hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis. |
DA (truly more acidotic; this is a boards question)
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Which metabolic abnormalities are associated with abomasal displacement?
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Hypo-K, hypo-Cl, metabolic alkalosis, high rumen Cl
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What are negative prognostic indicators for volvulus?
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HR >120; Cl < 70
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Describe the location of abomasal ulcers in:
a) dairy cow b) young calves c) feedlot animals |
lesser curvature (cows/feedlot)
Pylorus (calves) |
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Describe the cause of abomasal ulcers in:
a) dairy cow b) young calves c) feedlot animals |
a) dairy cow (post gestation)
b) young calves dairy cow (C. perfringens A or Cu) c) feedlot animals (stress? corn) |
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...an acute severe drop in milk production. |
Type II (or III or IV)
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...mild to no drop in production. |
Type I
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...focal perforation and peritonitis. |
Type III
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...melena. |
Type II (and III and IV)
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...rupture into omasal bursa. |
Type III
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Choose the type of abomasal ulcer associated with...
...rupture into intestinal recess. |
Type IV
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What are common signs associated with type IV abomasal ulcer rupture toward the body wall?
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vagal indigestion and cranial abdominal pain
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LDA is most common in...
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...postparturient dairy cattle
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How are DAs treated?
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Surgical correction with medical correction of metabolic imbalances; can try rolling too
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What is the biggest single reason for bovine colic (anatomical structure, not a disease process)? What are the other 3 causes?
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Mesenteric pain stretch receptors is #1;
(serosal pain stretch receptors, ischemia/infarct and inflammation ) |
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What are some reasons why cattle colic less than horses?
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Foregut vs. hindgut fermenters
Cows can vomit/eructate Bigger stomach shorter mesenteric root Fibrinous inflammation Less pain-stretch receptor activity Metabolic imbalances overshadow pain No equivalent to S. vulgaris in ruminants More stoic? |
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What are some postural changes associated with cow colic?
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elbows out, hunched over, sawhorse stance
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What are the 2 types of distention?
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Turgid (fluid)
Gas filled |
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What is the single leading cause of abdominal discomfort in ruminants?
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Urogenital diseases!
(uterine torsion/dystocia/urinary tract obstruction) |
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What is the meaning of hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis? What are 3 factors contributing to the severity of the alkalosis?
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GI obstruction or hypomotility
(proximity to pylorus, duration, completeness of obstruction) |
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Low Na and Cl + acidosis =
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DIARRHEA (cha cha cha)
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Low Na and Cl + alkalosis =
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URINE RETENTION
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Acidosis with normal Na and Cl =
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SHOCK
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A cow with a previous history of a uterine torsion that was reduced by rolling presents with tachycardia, acidotic with normal Na and Cl, and a decline in milk production. What may be the issue?
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Mesenteric volvulis
(also maybe SI entrapment or cecal dilation and volvulus) |
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Hematochezia in cattle is a likely sign of...
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...intussusceptions!
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What are the two at-risk groups for intussusceptions in cattle?
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Post-parturient dairy cow
Young calves |
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Swiss brown cows with pings in the right dorsal paralumbar fossa probably have...
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...cecal dilation and volvulus
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A beach ball cow likely has...
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...severe diffuse enteritis
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__________ toxicosis can cause colic due to hemorrhagic gastroenteritis.
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Arsenic
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How can severe diffuse enteritis be differentiated from mesenteric volvulus?
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History (rolling or not rolling)
Mesenteric volvulus is more acute (severe diffuse enteritis = beach ball; mesenteric volvulis = apple or papple) |
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What is the prognosis for milk colic?
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Pretty good! Resolves in a couple of hours.
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How can milk colic be differentiated from mesenteric volvulus or severe diffuse enteritis?
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Look at mucous membranes and heart rate; if both are lousy, suspect mesenteric volvulus or enteritis.
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Fresh blood in the feces of cattle is indicative of...
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...colitis or tenesmus
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