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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who would win in a fight? George Bernard Shaw or Elliott Starling?
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Chuck Norris of course!
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A macrophage in the bone is called...
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...an osteoclast!
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A macrophage in the skin is called...
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...a Langerhans cell!
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T or F:
Macrophages are antigen presenting cells. |
True!
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What are some functions of macrophages?
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Phagocytosis (remove dead, dying, or foreign material)
Process antigens Secrete substances for immune amplication (cytokines) Assist in healing |
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How fast do macrophages respond to an insult? How 'bout neutrophils?
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Macrophages - 24 - 48 h
Neutrophils 6-8h |
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Which cells produce monocyte chemoattractant factor?
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Neutrophils and endothelial cells
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How do macrophages kill?
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Via oxidative (respiratory burst) and nonoxidative (enzymes, peptides) mechanisms
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What are the two main kinds of macrophages? What is the function of each?
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M1 - killing
M2 - healing |
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What are the three mechanisms of activation for macrophages? Which is the most prevalent mode for killing?
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Innate (most prevalent)
Alternate Immune activation |
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T or F:
Immune activation of macrophages involves TLRs and TNF. |
False! It does involve TNF but not TLR (this is innate activation).
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What factor(s) mobilize resting macrophages to become M2 macrophages?
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IL-4 and IL-13
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What factor(s) mobilize resting macrophages toward immune activation?
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IFN-gamma + microbial stimuli
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What factor(s) mobilize resting macrophages toward innate activation?
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TLRs
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What are the results of TLRs activating resting macrophages?
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Innate activation (increased lysozyme, phagocytosis, and membrane receptors)
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What are results of macrophage immune activation?
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Increased size, movement, membrane activity, lysozyme, phagocytosis, bacteriacidal activity, and MHC II expression
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What is the respiratory burst pathway used for cattle macrophages? What do most other macrophages use?
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Nitric Oxide killing (cattle, horses, sheep, and rodents)
Others use superoxide |
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What causes septic shock syndrome?
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ENDOtoxins of G- bacteria
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What causes toxic shock syndrome?
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EXOtoxins of G+ bacteria
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What are the main substances produced by macrophages?
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Lysosomes
Complement Interleukins TNF Healing factors Enzymes to dissolve damaged or necrotic tissue |
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What cell produces IL-1? What does IL-1 do?
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Produced by antigen-presenting cells, IL-1 activates T-helper 2 cells.
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What cell produces IL-6? What does IL-6 do?
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Produced by macrophages and other antigen presenting cells, IL-6 acts on T-helper 2 cells to promote Ab synthesis. Also has some effect on Th-1 cells.
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What does IL-12 do?
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IL-12 stimulates Th-1 cells to produce IL-2 and IFN-gamma and other cytokines.
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Which organ clears most blood particles from cats, sheep, and calves?
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The lung!
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Which organ clears most blood particles from common domestic animals (not cat, sheep, or calf)?
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the SPLEEN
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What are the three phases of clearance of a soluble antigen from the blood?
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distribution
catabolism immune elimination |
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What characterizes granulation tissue?
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new blood vessels (lotsa capillaries)
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In cases of chronic inflammation, if the stimulus is nonimmunogenic, what effect does this have on granuloma formation?
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giant cells included in granuloma
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In cases of chronic inflammation, if the stimulus is immunogenic, what effect does this have on granuloma formation?
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lymphocyte infiltration is included
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In cases of chronic inflammation, if the stimulus is toxic to macrophages, what effect does this have on granuloma formation?
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excessive tissue damage and scarring
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What macrophage secretions assist in recovery from inflammation? What does each do?
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Serine protease inhibitor (inhibits elastase and oxidants)
IL-12 (suppress macrophages) |
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What neutrophil secretions assist in recovery from inflammation? What does each do?
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Lipoxins (suppress leukotriene synthesis)
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What protein is used by macrophages to determine if neutrophils are apoptotic?
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CD31
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Which molecules act on the brain to produce a fever?
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IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha
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What are the acute phase proteins?
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C-reactive protein
Serum amyloids A and P |
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Bacterial septic shock causes macrophages to release what factors? What is another name for this?
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Inflammatory cytokines (IL-1, IL-6, CxCL8, TNFa, NO)
Cytokine storm |
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T or F:
Bacterial toxic shock causes macrophages to release IL-2 and IL-4. |
False! These are released by T-helper cells! The toxic shock is when the macrophage permanently bonds to the t-helper cell.
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What are some examples of protein misfolding diseases?
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Amyloidosis
Mad cow disease Alzheimer's disease |
