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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the most important innate immune mechanism?
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Acute inflammation
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What are some functions of inflammation?
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Focus defensive cells and molecules at site of invasion or damage.
Focus repair cells to site. |
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What is the class of molecules on pathogens that the body recognizes?
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Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
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T or F:
PAMPs are essential for microbial survival. |
True!
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Which PAMPs are associated with gram negative bacteria?
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Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin
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Which PAMPs are associated with gram positive bacteria?
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Lipoprotein acids
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Which PAMPs are associated with mycobacteria?
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Glycolipids
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Which PAMPs are associated with bacterial flagella?
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Flagellin
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Which PAMPs are associated with bacterial DNA?
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CpG islands
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Which PAMPs are associated with viruses?
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dsRNA
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Which class of cells recognizes PAMPs? What are examples of these cells?
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Sentinel cells (macrophages, dendritic cells, mast cells)
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How do sentinel cells recognize PAMPs?
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via TLRs (Toll-Like Receptors)
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How many TLRs are there?
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10 total
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What happens in the nucleus when PAMPs bind with TLRs? How can this be blocked?
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TLRs activate the NF-kB pathway (nuclear factor Kappa B)
Corticosteroids block this |
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What is released when PAMPs bind TLRs?
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TNFa, IL1, IL12, NOS2
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What are effects of PAMPs binding with TLRs?
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Inflammation, Apoptosis, antimicrobial response, influence acquired immunity
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Which cells are TLRs found on?
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Mainly on phagocytic cells
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Which TLR binds unmethylated cytosine - phosphorous - guanine (CpG) regions on bacterial DNA?
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TLR9
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Which cells recognize the CpG bacterial region?
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B cell
T cell DC or Macrophage NK cell |
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T or F:
A monocyte is another name for a macrophage. |
True!
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potential energy
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energy with respect to position of body or arrangement of particles
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A macrophage in connective tissue is...
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...a histiocyte
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A macrophage in the lung is...
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...a PAM or an intravascular macrophage
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A macrophage in the serosa is...
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...a macrophage!
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A macrophage in the spleen is...
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...a macrophage!
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A macrophage in the blood is...
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...a monocyte!
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A macrophage in the liver is...
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...a van Kupffer cell!
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A macrophage in the lymph node is...
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...a macrophage!
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T or F:
A macrophage in the blood is a mast cell. |
False!
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What are the two major types of mast cells?
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Mucosal and connective tissue mast cells
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What is the major shock organ in most animals? How about the dog?
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Lung
Dog is liver |
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What are the stimuli that makes mast cells gradually release their contents?
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Neuropeptides
IgG and antigen Adenosine Endothelins Lipopolysaccharides |
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What stimuli makes mast cells dump their granules?
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IgE/antigen cross-linking
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What are cytokines? What are functions of cytokines?
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Cytokines - proteins that mediate cellular interactions
Regulate cell growth and secretion |
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T or F:
Chemokines are a sub-class of cytokine |
True!
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What are chemokines? What is their function?
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Chemokine - family of proinflammatory and chemotactic (attractant) cytokines with characteristic sequence of 4 cysteine residues.
Regulate emigration of leukocytes from blood into tissues |
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What do vasoactive molecules affect?
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blood vessel walls
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What are some examples of cytokines?
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Interleukins and tumor necrosis factor
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Which cells produce TNF-alpha? What are effects of TNF?
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Macrophages and mast cells.
TNF causes heat, swelling, pain, and redness. Activates leukocytes, enhances toxic effects. |
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What are two main interleukins and which cells produce each?
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IL-1 (macrophages)
IL-6 (macrophages and mast cells) |
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What are chemokines?
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small proteins produced by diverse cell types
Attract different cell types to inflammatory sites |
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What are the classes of chemokines? How are they classified?
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Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta families
Classified by the location and spacing of cysteine residues |
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What are the important chemokines (that we need to know about)? What are their functions?
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IL-8 (CxCL8) - attract and activate neutrophils
CCL chemokines - act on macrophages and dendritic cells |
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What are the important vasoactive molecules?
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Histimine
Serotonin Leukokines, prostaglandins Vasoactive polypeptides Kinins |
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What is the first step in leukotriene and prostaglandin production? How can this be blocked?
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Cell membrane phospholipids are broken into arachidonic acid by phospholipases.
Blocked by corticosteroids. |
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What is the second step in leukotriene production? How can it be blocked?
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5-Lipoxygenase converts arachidonic acid into leukotienes.
Blocked by Singulair. |
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What is the second step in prostaglandin production? How can it be blocked?
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Cyclooxygenase converts arachidonic acid into PGs, thromboxanes, and prostacyclins.
Blocked by NSAIDs. |
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What are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
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Redness
Heat Pain Swelling |
