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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the landmarks for the injection of the shoulder joint in the horse?
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Cranial margin of infraspinatus tendon ~2cm proximal to caudal part of greater tubercle
Direct needle ventromedially (4-5cm deep) |
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What are the landmarks for the injection of the bicipital bursa in the horse?
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Btw. biceps and humerus at level of deltoid tuberosity. Direct needle proximally.
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What are the landmarks for the injection of the elbow joint in the horse?
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Btw lateral epicondyle and olecranon.
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What is the first thing that you must do before injecting the equine carpus?
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Flex it, yo
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Where is the radiocarpal joint injected in the horse?
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Btw. radius and proximal row of carpal bones. Medial or lateral to extensor carpi radialis tendon.
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Where is the middle carpal joint injected in the horse?
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Btw. two rows of carpal bones. Medial and lateral to extensor carpi radialis tendon.
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Where is the carpometacarpal joint injected in the horse?
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Same place as middle carpal joint since the joint capsules intercommunicate!
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T or F:
The transverse humeral retinaculum provides strength to the equine shoulder joint. |
False! They don't have one!
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What provides strength to the equine shoulder joint?
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Tendons of supraspinatus
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Which aspect of the equid carpus bears the most weight (cranial, lateral, caudal, or medial)?
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Medial side, yo!
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In the horse, if C1 is present, where is it usually found?
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In medial collateral ligament
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T or F:
The equine carpus typically has more movement distally than proximally. |
False! It's the other way around, beeyotch!
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By what time should carpal bones be developed?
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18 mos
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How can one tell if a horse is mature enough to work?
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I'm sure that there is a good punch line here but....
...Look for fusion of the distal radial physis (should be ~20mos) |
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What are the proximal carpal bones of the horse?
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Radial, intermediate, ulnar, and accessory carpal bones
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What are the distal carpal bones of the horse?
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CII, III, IV, and V (+/- C1)
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What shape are carpal bones?
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Cuboidal
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T or F:
There is free communication between all three carpal joints. |
False! Only between middle and distal!
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What is the approximate degree of movement for each carpal joint?
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Radiocarpal - 90-100 deg
Middle - 45 deg Carpometacarpal - nun |
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A "knock-kneed" horse has which type of deformity?
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Carpal valgus
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A "bow-legged" horse has this kind of deformity...
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carpal varus
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What operation can help to correct carpal deformities?
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Periostial stripping
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What are the standard views of the equine carpus?
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Dorso-palmar
Lateromedial Medial oblique (dorsal 45 lateral-palmaromedial oblique) Lateral oblique (dorsal 45 medial-palmarolateral oblique) Flexed lateromedial views |
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Slab fractures generally involve the 3rd carpal bone. Which radiographic view is used to diagnose these?
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"skyline" view
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Which carpal bone is absent in the ox? Which are fused?
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I is absent
II and III are fused |
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T or F:
The navicular bursa and coffin joint communicate. |
True!
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What are the landmarks for coffin joint injection?
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1.5cm proximal to coronet ~2cm lateral to vertical center of pastern.
Direct needle obliquely ventral to the common digital extensor tendon toward the extensor process. |
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T or F:
The superficial cervical lnn. receive affererents from all bones of the thoracic limb. |
False!
Not the Ulna |
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What structures do the superficial cervical lymph nodes drain into?
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Caudal deep cervical lnn.
Some sternal ln. Jugular v. |
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What are the branches of the axillary artery in the horse?
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External thoracic
Suprascapular Subscapular |
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What arteries branch off the subscapular a. in the horse?
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Thoracodorsal
Caudal circumflex humeral |
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When does axillary become brachial?
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At the level of teres major
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What are the branches of brachial a. in the horse?
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Cranial circumflex humeral
Deep brachial Bicipital Collateral ulnar Transverse cubital Common interosseous |
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When does brachial become median a in the horse?
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After common interosseous comes off.
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What are the branches of median a in the horse?
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Deep antebrachial
Proximal radial Radial Medial Palmar a. Palmar br. |
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What is the main supply of blood to the horse manus?
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Medial palmar a.
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What arteries contribute to the palmar arch?
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Radial a.
Palmar br. |
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From what arteries do the lateral and medial palmar metacarpal arteries arise?
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Deep palmar arch
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Describe the branching of the medial palmar artery?
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Medial and lateral palmar digital aa.
Gives dorsal and palmar brs.to P1, P2, and dorsal br. to P3 |
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What does the dorsal brs. of the palmar digital aa. course through? What does it supply?
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SUpplies laminar corium through alar foramen
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What does the terminal arch course through to supply PIII?
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Sole foramina
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What vein joins the brachial and cephalic vv.?
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Median cubital v.
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How is the branching of the axillary artery different from the horse in the small ruminant?
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No suprascapular!
Suprascapular is a branch of superficial cervical (off subclavian) |
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Describe the branching of the median artery in the ruminant.
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Deep antebrachial a.
Radial a. Continues as medial palmar a. Turns into palmar common digital a. III |
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Between which two muscles does the brachial plexus emerge in the horse?
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Scalenus medius (dorsal and ventral parts)
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Between which two muscles does the brachial plexus emerge in the ruminant?
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Scalenus dorsalis m.
Scalenus ventralis m. |
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What muscle is the cranial continuation of rectus abdominus?
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Rectus thoracis
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Where is the caudal border of the scapula in the ox? In the horse?
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Ox - 6th rib
Horse - 7th rib |
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Where do you find the olecranon in the horse? The ox?
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5th IC space ventrally for both (sometimes 5th rib ventrally for horse)
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How far cranially does the diaphragm extend in the horse? The ox?
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6th rib in both (or 6th IC space for horse)
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What is the line of pleural reflection (not landmarks)?
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Where costal pleura and diaphragmatic pleura meet
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What are the landmarks for the line of pleural reflection in the hizzorse?
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Costal cartilage 8 or 9
Curve to middle of last rib |
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What are the landmarks for the line of pleural reflection in the ox?
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8th costochondral jxn
To middle of 11th rib Dorsal part of 12th rib |
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What are the landmarks for the basal border of the lungs in the horse?
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Costochondral jxn. of 6th rib
Middle of 11th rib Dorsal region of 16th rib |
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What are the landmarks for the basal border of the lungs in the ox?
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6th costochondral jxn
11th rib dorsally |
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What are the landmarks for horse thoracic auscultation?
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Caudal angle of scapula
Point of elbow Upper end of 16th rib |
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What are the landmarks for ox thoracic auscultation?
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Caudal angle of scapula
Point of elbow Upper end of 11th rib |
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What are landmarks for thoracocentesis in the horse? What structure (besides lung or diaphragm perforation) must you watch out for?
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Lower 7th IC space, ventral to lung basal border.
Don't hit superficial thoracic vein. |
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What are landmarks for thoracocentesis in the ox?
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Lower 6th or 7th IC space, dorsal to the costochondral junction.
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Where would you perform pericardiocentesis in the ox?
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That's a stupid place to do it!
Next time try at the 5th IC space, dorsal to costochondral jxn on the left side! |
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Which of the large animals have no extensive external lobulation?
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Tha horse, of course!
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T or F:
The ruminant tracheal bronchus courses to the cranial and middle lung lobes on the right side. |
False! It courses to the cranial and caudal parts of the cranial lung lobe!
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Where is the cardiac notch in the horse (R and L lungs)?
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R - 3rd to 4th IC spaces
L - 3rd to 6th IC spaces |
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Where is the cardiac notch in the ox (R and L lungs)?
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R -3rd to 4th IC spaces
L - 3rd to 5th IC spaces |
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Where are the puncta maxima in the horse?
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P - 3rd or 4th IC; craniodorsal to olecranon (L side)
A - 4th IC space; ventral to shoulder jt. (L side) M - 5th IC space; caudodorsal to olecranon (L side) T - 4th IC space; caudodorsal to olecranon (R side) |
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Where are the puncta maxima in the ox?
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P - 3rd IC; level of medial epicondyle; L side
A - 4th IC; ventral to shoulder jt; L side M - 4th IC; @ level of medial epicondyle; L side T - 4th IC; @ level of medial epicondyle; R side |
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Which coronary artery provides the main blood supply in the ox? In the horse?
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Ox - Left coronary
Horse - equal btw. L and R |
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What vessels course in the groove on the auricular surface? What is the origin of the artery?
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Paraconal interventricular br. (from L coronary circumflex br.)
Great cardiac v. |
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What vessels course in the groove on the atrial surface?
What is the origin of the artery? |
Subsinuosal interventricular br.
(from L coronary in ruminant; R coronary in horse) Middle cardiac v. |
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What are the extra cardiac vessels in the ruminant? Where do they course and what is their origin?
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Caudal cardiac v. and Intermediate br. course in intermediate groove.
From middle cardiac v. and L coronary a. |
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Which lung is largest in the ox? In the horse?
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Right in the ox.
Same size in the horse. |
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What muscle does the phrenic nerve course over?
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Scalenus m.
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Which cervical spinal nerves form the phrenic nerve (horse, ox, small ruminant)?
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Horse C6, 7
Ox C5-7 Small ruminant C5, C6 |
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What structure does the phrenic nerve course with on the right side?
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Vena cava
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T or F:
The left recurrent laryngeal n. wraps around the aortic arch. |
True!
The right wraps around the R. subclavian |
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What nerve provides sympathetic innervation to the adrenals?
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Major splanchnic n.
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The ansa subclavia connects what two ganglia?
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Middle cervical and cervicothoracic ganglion.
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In the horse, what is the first arterial branch off the aorta (after the coronary arteries of course)? How 'bout the ox?
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Brachiocephalic trunk
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What artery does the bicarotid trunk arise from in the horse? In the ox?
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Right subclavian in both.
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What artery contributes to the basilar artery in the horse?
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Vertebral a.
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What are two main differences in the venous structures of the ruminant and horse with respect to the cranial vena caval region?
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Ruminant may have azygous vein
Ruminant has internal jugular trunk and vv. |
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This deep fascical sheet of elastic tissue supports the abdominal viscera...
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...the tunica FLAVA abdominis
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What muscle run from the lumbar vertebrae to the last rib in the ruminant?
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Retractor costae m.
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What are the landmarks for a paravertebral bock in the ox?
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T13 spinal n.
Btw last rib and transverse process of L1 5cm from midline L1 and L2 spinal nn. Btw transverse processes of L1/L2 and L2/L3 5cm in |
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What are the landmarks for a paralumbar block in the ox?
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T13 spinal n.
Dorsal and ventral to tip of L1 transverse process and btw. last rib and transverse process L1 spinal n. Dorsal and ventral to caudal edge of L2 transverse process L2 spinal n. Dorsal & ventral to caudal edge of L4 trans. process |
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T or F:
The paralumbar block does not paralyze the epaxial muscles. |
True!
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T or F:
Visera may bulge-out during surgery if using a paralumbar block. |
False! This describes a paravertebral block!
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Which is the larger diaphragmmatic crus in the horse, R or L?
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Right!
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What are the openings in the diaphragm?
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Aortic hiatus
Esophageal hiatus Caval foramen |
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What courses through the aortic hiatus in the horse? The ox?
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Horse - aorta, R. azygous, thoracic duct
Ox - aorta, L azygous, thoracic duct |
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What courses through the esophageal hiatus in the horse? in the ox?
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Both - esophagus, dorsal/ventral vagal trunks, esophageal vessels
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What courses through the caval foramen in the horse? In the ox?
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Just caudal vena cava in both.
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Name some organs seen on the LEFT side of the horse abdomen:
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Stomach (saccus cecus and body)
Spleen L. Kidney Jejunum Small colon L ventral and dorsal colon Pelvic flexure A tiny bit of liver |
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Name some organs seen on the RIGHT side of the horse abdomen:
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Liver
R Kidney R ventral and dorsal colon Cecum base and body |
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Where does the base of the equid cecum sit?
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R PARALUMBAR FOSSA BITCHES!!!
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Name some organs on the LEFT side of the ox abdomen:
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Spleen
Rumen Reticulum |
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Name some organs on the RIGHT side of the ox abdomen:
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Liver & gall bladder
R kidney Abomasum Omasum |
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What are all the lobes of the equine liva?
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Right
Quadrate L and R medial Caudate lobe w/caudate process |
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What connects the liver to the diaphragm?
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R and L triangular ligaments
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What are all the lobes of the bovine liva?
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Right
Quadrate Left Caudate w/caudate and papillary processes |
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Where does bile enter the duodonenum in the horse? From what duct does it come?
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Major duodenal papilla from common hepatic duct
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What are the boundaries for a liver biopsy in the horse?
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Ventral line btw. tuber coxae and olecranon
Dorsal line btw tuber coxae and point of shoulder Btw ribs 11 and 14 |
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What are the boundaries for a liver biopsy in the ox?
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Right side
Line btw tuber coxae and olecranon @ 11th IC space |
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What is the line between the saccus cecus and the rest of the equid stomach?
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Margo plicatus, muthafucka!
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There are tons of reasons why horses can't vomit. Name the anatomical ones (there are 5):
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1. Strong lower esophagal sphincter
2. Lower esophagus is smooth muscle (involuntary) 3. Pressure in stomach makes cardia close tighter 4. Abdominal muscular contractions have little effect on stomach 5. Gastric contractions more likely to force contents into saccus secus and/or pyloric antrum |
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Which accessory pillar is larger?
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The right!
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T or F:
The rumenal island is ONLY on the right side. |
I think this is true...
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Which is more extensive in the sheep, the caudodorsal or caudoventral blind sac?
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Caudoventral
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What portion of the ruminant stomach is afflicted by hardware disease and why?
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The reticulum. Heavy crap drops in here.
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How many rumenal contrations per minute are normal? Reticular contractions?
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1-3 for both
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Which part of the ruminant stomach is entirely covered by lesser omentum?
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Omasum
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Which part of the ruminant stomach is ventral and central?
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Abomasum
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What characterizes the camelid stomach?
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Saccules! Lots of saccules...
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How many regions to the camelid stomach?
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3
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Where is the Right lobe of the pancreas located in pretty much everything?
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Mesoduodenum, dumbo
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Where is the Left lobe of the pancreas located in pretty much everything?
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Greater omentum at root of mesentery
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How can you tell jejunum from descending colon in the horse?
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Um, one is sacculated and the other isn't. Colon is sacculated, yo.
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Which parts of the horse intestinal tract have 4 teniae?
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Ventral colon (R and L)
Cecum (4 on the floor) |
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If you can't call 867-5309, what are you gonna call?
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No, not ghostbusters dumbo
444-1322! |
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What is the main pancreatic duct of the horse? The ox?
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Pancratic duct in horse (and small ruminants)
Accessory in ox |
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Where is the jenunum located in the equine abdomen (left or right)?
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LEFT
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T or F:
There is no ileocolic orifice in the horse. |
True!
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How many teniae on the cecum?
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4 beeyotch!
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How many tenia on the ventral colon (right and left)?
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4 beeyotch!
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How many teniae on the dorsal colon?
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1 on the left
3 on the right! You dumbo, I'll bet you got this wrong! |
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How many teniae on the transverse colon?
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2
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How many teniae on the descending colon?
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2
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T or F:
The Cecocolic orifice is cranial to the ileocecal orifice. |
True dat!
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How is the small colon different from the jejunum in the horse?
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Has teniae
Has haustra Lymph nodes along mesocolic attachment More fat in mesentary Vasa recti shorter and closer |
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Which side is the jejunum on in the ruminant?
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Right side
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