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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which of the large animals we studied does not have a facial artery?
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Goat and Sheep
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T or F:
The goat has an infraorbital cutaneous pouch. |
False!
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T or F:
Under normal conditions, the ventral border of the gutteral pouch is the linguofacial vein. |
False!
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Which muscle covers the mental foramen and nerves in the horse?
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Depressor labii inferioris m.
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Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx is primarily responsible for opening the glottis?
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Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
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Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
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Cricothyroideus m.
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What are the structures located within the equine carotid sheath?
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Common carotid
Vagosympathetic trunk Tracheal lymph duct Recurrent laryngeal n. (??) |
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What are the structures located within the bovid carotid sheath?
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Common carotid
Internal jugular v. Vagosympathetic trunk Tracheal lymph duct Recurrent laryngeal n. (??) |
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Other than the facial artery, name two palpable arteries of the horse head.
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Masseteric a.
Transverse facial a. |
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Which of the following structures does not course with the other structures in the head of the ox?
Ventral buccal br. Facial v. Mandibular duct Parotid duct Facial a. |
Mandibular duct
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T or F:
The equine intrapharyngeal ostium is formed by the palatopharyngeal arches and the caudal border of the soft palate. |
True!
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T or F:
During normal equid breathing, part of the epiglottis and part of the corniculate processes of the arytenoids are located within the nasopharynx. |
True!
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T or F:
During normal equid breathing, the rostral part of the epiglottis is located dorsal to the soft palate. |
True!
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T or F:
In the horse, the piriform recess is located lateral to the aryepiglottic fold. |
True!
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Laryngeal hemiplasia in the horse is caused by damage to what nerve? Which is the side most commonly affected?
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(Left) Recurrent laryngeal n.
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What structures does the MEDIAL compartment of the guttural pouch contact?
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Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
Internal carotid a. ventral cerebral v. (from occipital v.) cranial cervical ganglion sympathetic trunk medial retropharyngeal lnn. (ventrally) |
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What structures does the LATERAL compartment of the guttural pouch contact?
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facial n.
Maxillary a. and v. |
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Which muscles comprise brachiocephalicus in the ox?
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Cleidobrachialis m.
Cleido-occipitalis m. Cleido-mastoideus m. |
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Which muscles comprise sternocephalicus in the ox?
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Sternomandibularis m.
Sternomastoideus m. |
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Which muscles comprise brachiocephalicus in the horse?
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Cleidobrachialis m.
Cleidomastoideus m. |
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Which muscles comprise sternocephalicus in the horse?
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Sternomandibularis m.
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What are the borders of Viborg's Triangle?
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Tendon of insertion of sternomandibularis
Linguofacial v. Caudal border of mandible |
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What is the main difference between the vertebral formulae of the ox and the horse?
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Ox - T13
Horse - T18 |
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What is the main difference between the vertebral formulae of the sheep and the goat?
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Sheep - S4
Goat - S5 |
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What is the cranial attachment of the nuchal ligament in the horse and the ruminant?
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External occipital protuberance
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Where is venipuncture performed in the neck of the horse and WHY?
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Jugular furrow (btw Sternocephalicus and Brachiocephalicus)
Cranial 3rd because the jugular is more superficial and the common carotid is "protected" by omohyoideus |
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Why is it important to provide padding for the horse's head when placed in lateral recumbency?
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Facial n. is very superficial and susceptible to damage.
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T or F:
The mare may have small canine teeth, but they usually do not erupt through the gingiva and are therefore usually not noticed. |
True!
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T or F:
When aging a horse by its teeth, the lower arcade is evaluated to determine eruption and wear. |
True!
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T or F:
Hookx on the upper 3rd incisor usually appear at 7 and 14 years of age. |
False!
7/11 |
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T or F:
Galvayne's groove, when present, usually first appears at 10 years and is very small or gone at ~30 years. |
True!
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T or F:
The dental star is dentin within the pulp cavity. |
True!
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What is the permanent dental formula for horses?
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2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3(4)/3, M 3/3)
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What is the tridian numbering value for both wolf teeth?
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105 and 205
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Which surface are points most likely to develop on the lower arcade of horses?
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On the lingual surface. Points develop on the buccal surface on the upper arcade.
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What are the rudimentary metacarpal/metatarsal pads in the horse called?
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Ergots
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What are the rudimentary carpal/tarsal pads in the horse called?
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Chestnuts
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What nerve(s) innervate maxillary equine teeth?
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Superior alveolar brs. of the infraorbital n.
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What nerve(s) innervate the mandibular equine teeth?
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Inferior alveolar brs.
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What structures are commonly present on the superior edges of the iris in ungulates?
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Iridic granules
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What structure forms the hump in zebu?
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Rhomboideus m.
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Which muscles provide lateral and medial stabilization to the shoulder joint in large animals?
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Medial - subscapularis m.
Lateral - infraspinatus m. Supraspinatus stabilizes entire shoulder joint |
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What is the fibrous structure that runs from the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radialis m.?
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Lacertus fibrosus
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T or F:
In ruminants, the lower canine masquerades as an incisor. |
True!
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Where are the bursae located for the funicular nuchal ligament in the horse?
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Over the dorsal arch of the ATLAS
Over the withers (T2 - T4) |
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Where is the horse esophagus located with respect to trachea at C4?
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left lateral side
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Which muscles comprise the "strap" muscles in the horse?
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Sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus
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With regard to the position of the brachiocephalicus m., describe the location of omotransversarius in the horse and in the ox.
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Horse - omo is dorsal to brachio
Ox - omo is deep to brachio |
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Which of the following forms the ventral boundary of the jugular groove in the sheep?
Sternomandibularis Cleidomastoideus Omohyoideus Sternohyoideus None of the above |
None of the above! Sheep have no sternomandibularis but they DO have a sternomastoideus
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T or F:
The sternomandibularis m. attaches to the zygomatic arch in goats and sheep. |
False!
Only in goats! Sheep have NO STERNOMANDIBULARIS!! |
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A horse with bicipital bursitis will exhibit significant pain during flexion of the shoulder and....
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...extension of the elbow.
(bursitis hurts when muscle stretches not contracts) |
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T or F:
The extensor retinaculum binds down extensor tendons in the carpal canal. |
False!
The FLEXOR RETINACULUM binds down FLEXOR tendons in the carpal canal. |
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Metacarpal III is known as what in horse-speak?
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Cannon bone
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The proximal and middle phalanges of digit 3 are known as what in horse-speak?
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Long and short pastern bones (respectively)
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What is the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid known as in horse-speak?
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Distal phalanx = coffin bone
Distal sesamoid = navicular bone |
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What are the proximal sesamoids known as in horse-speak?
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Nothing. They're still proximal sesamoids apparently.
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What are the extensors of the horse forelimb?
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Flexor carpi radialis
Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Extensor carpi obliquus |
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T or F:
The lateral digital extensor only extends the carpus and digit in the horse and ruminant. |
False!
It also flexes the elbow in the ruminant. |
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Which extensor tendons insert on the distal phalanx of digit 4 in the ox?
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Lateral head of the CDE
Lateral digital extensor |
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Which extensor tendons insert on the distal phalanx of digit 3 in the ox?
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Lateral head of the CDE
Medial head of the CDE |
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Which of the flexors are innervated by the ulnar nerve in large animals?
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Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor Part of Deep digital flexor Interosseus |
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T or F:
In the large animal antebrachium, the radial nerve ONLY innervates extensors of the carpus. |
False!
It also innervates ulnaris lateralis which is technically a carpal flexor |
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Between which two structures does the proximal check ligament course?
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Distal radius
SDF tendon |
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Between which two structures does the distal check ligament course?
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Palmar carpal ligament
DDF tendon |
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Which muscle(s) comprises the suspensory ligament? Where does this ligament insert?
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Interosseus m. (mostly a tendon)
Runs from distal row of metacarpals to proximal sesamoid boines |
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What structure prevents the fetlock from overextending?
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Suspensory ligament (interosseus)
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T or F:
The suspensory ligament communicates with the common digital extensor tendon. |
True!
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What is the difference between the scapula of a ruminant and and equid?
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Ruminant has an acromion
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What is the difference between the humerus of a ruminant and an equid?
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Equid has an intermediate tubercle
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Which vein is known as the spur vein? Where does it drain into?
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Superficial thoracic v. drains into the thoracodorsal v. or directly into the axillary v.
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Which muscles flex the shoulder of the horse?
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Latissimus dorsi
Deltoideus Teres minor Teres major Triceps brachii (long head) Coracobrachialis |
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Which muscles extend the shoulder of the horse?
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Supraspinatus
Biceps brachii |
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Which muscles are responsible to prevent pinching of the equine elbow capsule during extension?
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Anconeus
Triceps (lateral head) |
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What action do teres major and minor have in common? How are they antagonistic?
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Both flex the shoulder
Major adducts the brachium while minor abducts the brachium |
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T or F:
The accessory head of the triceps brachii assists the anconeus in preventing pinching of the horse elbow capsule. |
False! This describes the lateral head. The horse has no accessory head!
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"Capped Elbow" involves inflammation of which bursa?
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Subtendinous and/or subcutaneous bursae of the elbow
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T or F:
In large animals, the bicipital bursa is separate from the shoulder joint. |
False!
This is true in the horse and ox but the bicipital bursa is part of the shoulder joint capsule in the sheep and goat. |
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Why are foals like the devil?
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Deciduous tooth eruption:
6 days I1 6 weeks I2 6 months I3 |
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Describe the eruption of permanent premolars and molars in the horse.
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P1 (wolf tooth) 5-6 months
M1 1yr M2 2 yrs P2 2.5yrs P3 3yrs M3 3.5 to 4 yrs P4 4yrs |
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What are the protuberances found on the ventral mandibular border of young horses called?
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Transitory tubercles
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T or F:
The cup and the infundibulum are synonymous. |
False!
The infundibulum is the invagination of enamel while the cup describes the cavity formed. |
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T or F:
It is possible to see enamel spots and dental stars on the same tooth. |
True!
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T or F:
It is possible to see cups and enamel spots on the same tooth. |
False!
Enamel spots are the bottom of the infundibulum left after the cup is gone. |
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What is the permanent dental formula for the ox?
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2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3)
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Why does the horse not have a round globe for its eye?
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Allows for 2 different focal lengths (near and far) without changing lens shape.
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Which nerves should be blocked for an equine ocular exam and how is this accomplished?
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Auriculopalpebral n. (zygomatic br.) - summit to zygomatic arch
Supraorbital n. - supraorbital foramen |
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Which nerves should be blocked for a bovine eye enucleation? Where are these blocked?
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Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, opthalmic and maxillary nn. (foramen orbitorotundum)
Auriculopalpebral n. (summit of zygomatic arch) |
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What bony structure(s) may be contacted during a Peterson Eye Block?
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Coronoid process of mandible
Pterygoid crest |
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T or F:
The dog and the horse are the only domestic species with cuneiform processes on the arytenoid cartilages. |
False!
While it's true that they are the only 2 domestic species with these processes; the horse has the cuneiform process on the epiglottis! |
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Contrast the larynx of the horse and the ruminant.
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Horse - cuneiform process on epiglottis
Horse - large caudal notch on thyroid cartilage Horse - has laryngeal ventricle Horse - thyroarytenoideus split into vocalis and ventricularis mm. |
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Which laryngeal muscle enlarges the glottic cleft?
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Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
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T or F:
All of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow the glottic cleft except for cricoarytenoideus dorsalis. |
True!
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Epiglottic entrapment involves the epiglottis being trapped in which mucosal fold?
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Aryepiglottic fold
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When passing a nasogastric tube in the horse, what are some structures that might be impediments?
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Nasal diverticulum
Pharyngeal recess Auditory tube (and plica salpingopharyngea) Piriform recess Larynx/trachea |
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Which tonsils are located in the equine nasopharynx? In the bovid nasopharynx?
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Pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils in both
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T or F:
The palatine tonsils of equids are oriented ventrally while those of ruminants are oriented dorsally. |
True
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What is the unique invagination of the bovid palatine tonsil known as?
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Tonsillar sinus
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Which muscles are the rostral pharyngeal constrictors?
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Pterygopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus |
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Which muscle closes the choana during swallowing?
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Levator veli palatini
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Which salivary gland does the ox have that isn't present in the horse?
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Sublingual monostomatic salivary gland
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T or F:
The parotid duct courses with the facial a. and v. in the horse but is variable in location in all ruminants. |
False (kinda)
It courses w/the facial a. in the ox but is variable in goat and sheep |
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Which equine lymph node forms a v-shaped structure?
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Mandibular ln.
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The dorsal and ventral buccal brs. are branches of which nerve?
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Facial n. (CN VII)
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The auriculotemporal n. is a branch of which nerve?
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Trigeminal n. (CN V)
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The auriculopalpebral n. is a branch of which nerve? What are its two branches?
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Facial n. (CN VII);
Zygomatic and rostral auricular brs. |
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Where is the ventral buccal br. found in the ruminant?
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Along the ventral border of the masseter m.
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Transverse facial n. is a branch of which nerve?
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From auriculotemporal (branch of CN V)
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From which nerve does the cornual nerve arise? Where is it blocked?
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From the zygomaticotemporal n. (opthalmic div. of CN V)
Block midway between lateral canthus and base of horn just ventral to temporal line. |
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Where would blocks be placed to de-horn a goat? Which nerves are blocked?
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Cornual n. (opthalmic CNV) - btw lateral canthus and base of horn
Infratrochlear n. (opthalmic CNV) - between medial canthus and base of horn |
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T or F:
The bovid has no internal carotid artery. |
True!
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Which major superficial artery of the head is lacking in the caprine? Which artery takes over in this case?
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No facial artery!
Transverse facial does the job. |
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T or F:
In the horse the sublingual a. arises from the lingual a. while it arises from the facial a. in the ox. |
False!
Its the other way around... In the horse, sublingual arises from facial In the ox, sublingual arises from lingual |
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Which three facial veins have large sinuses in the head of the horse?
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Transverse facial
Deep facial Buccal vv. |
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T or F:
The small ruminant has no facial v. and the transverse facial v. "does the job". |
False!
The small ruminant has no facial ARTERY!! |
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Why must venipuncture be performed on the cranial third of a llama's neck?
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Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae obscure the external jugular on the caudal 2/3.
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Which large animal(s) has an infraorbital cutaneous pouch?
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Sheep
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Which large animal(s) have horn glands?
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Goat
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What structure prevents the acquisition of a facial artery pulse in an ox?
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The sternomandibularis tendon of insertion
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What are the three parts of digastricus in the horse?
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Rostral part
Caudal part Occipitomandibular part |
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What are the main muscles of mastication in large animals?
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Temporalis
Masseter Pterygoideus (medial and lateral) Digastricus |
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Which head of pterygoideus is the largest?
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Medial
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Which masticatory muscle is responsible for lateral motion?
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pterygoideus
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What are the boundaries for IM injections in the neck of the horse?
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Dorsal - crest
Ventral - cervical vertebrae (dorsal border of omotransversarius) |