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123 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Which of the large animals we studied does not have a facial artery?
Goat and Sheep
T or F:
The goat has an infraorbital cutaneous pouch.
False!
T or F:
Under normal conditions, the ventral border of the gutteral pouch is the linguofacial vein.
False!
Which muscle covers the mental foramen and nerves in the horse?
Depressor labii inferioris m.
Which intrinsic muscle of the larynx is primarily responsible for opening the glottis?
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
Which intrinsic laryngeal muscle is not innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
Cricothyroideus m.
What are the structures located within the equine carotid sheath?
Common carotid
Vagosympathetic trunk
Tracheal lymph duct
Recurrent laryngeal n. (??)
What are the structures located within the bovid carotid sheath?
Common carotid
Internal jugular v.
Vagosympathetic trunk
Tracheal lymph duct
Recurrent laryngeal n. (??)
Other than the facial artery, name two palpable arteries of the horse head.
Masseteric a.
Transverse facial a.
Which of the following structures does not course with the other structures in the head of the ox?
Ventral buccal br.
Facial v.
Mandibular duct
Parotid duct
Facial a.
Mandibular duct
T or F:
The equine intrapharyngeal ostium is formed by the palatopharyngeal arches and the caudal border of the soft palate.
True!
T or F:
During normal equid breathing, part of the epiglottis and part of the corniculate processes of the arytenoids are located within the nasopharynx.
True!
T or F:
During normal equid breathing, the rostral part of the epiglottis is located dorsal to the soft palate.
True!
T or F:
In the horse, the piriform recess is located lateral to the aryepiglottic fold.
True!
Laryngeal hemiplasia in the horse is caused by damage to what nerve? Which is the side most commonly affected?
(Left) Recurrent laryngeal n.
What structures does the MEDIAL compartment of the guttural pouch contact?
Cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII
Internal carotid a.
ventral cerebral v. (from occipital v.)
cranial cervical ganglion
sympathetic trunk
medial retropharyngeal lnn. (ventrally)
What structures does the LATERAL compartment of the guttural pouch contact?
facial n.
Maxillary a. and v.
Which muscles comprise brachiocephalicus in the ox?
Cleidobrachialis m.
Cleido-occipitalis m.
Cleido-mastoideus m.
Which muscles comprise sternocephalicus in the ox?
Sternomandibularis m.
Sternomastoideus m.
Which muscles comprise brachiocephalicus in the horse?
Cleidobrachialis m.
Cleidomastoideus m.
Which muscles comprise sternocephalicus in the horse?
Sternomandibularis m.
What are the borders of Viborg's Triangle?
Tendon of insertion of sternomandibularis
Linguofacial v.
Caudal border of mandible
What is the main difference between the vertebral formulae of the ox and the horse?
Ox - T13
Horse - T18
What is the main difference between the vertebral formulae of the sheep and the goat?
Sheep - S4
Goat - S5
What is the cranial attachment of the nuchal ligament in the horse and the ruminant?
External occipital protuberance
Where is venipuncture performed in the neck of the horse and WHY?
Jugular furrow (btw Sternocephalicus and Brachiocephalicus)
Cranial 3rd because the jugular is more superficial and the common carotid is "protected" by omohyoideus
Why is it important to provide padding for the horse's head when placed in lateral recumbency?
Facial n. is very superficial and susceptible to damage.
T or F:
The mare may have small canine teeth, but they usually do not erupt through the gingiva and are therefore usually not noticed.
True!
T or F:
When aging a horse by its teeth, the lower arcade is evaluated to determine eruption and wear.
True!
T or F:
Hookx on the upper 3rd incisor usually appear at 7 and 14 years of age.
False!
7/11
T or F:
Galvayne's groove, when present, usually first appears at 10 years and is very small or gone at ~30 years.
True!
T or F:
The dental star is dentin within the pulp cavity.
True!
What is the permanent dental formula for horses?
2 (I 3/3, C 1/1, P 3(4)/3, M 3/3)
What is the tridian numbering value for both wolf teeth?
105 and 205
Which surface are points most likely to develop on the lower arcade of horses?
On the lingual surface. Points develop on the buccal surface on the upper arcade.
What are the rudimentary metacarpal/metatarsal pads in the horse called?
Ergots
What are the rudimentary carpal/tarsal pads in the horse called?
Chestnuts
What nerve(s) innervate maxillary equine teeth?
Superior alveolar brs. of the infraorbital n.
What nerve(s) innervate the mandibular equine teeth?
Inferior alveolar brs.
What structures are commonly present on the superior edges of the iris in ungulates?
Iridic granules
What structure forms the hump in zebu?
Rhomboideus m.
Which muscles provide lateral and medial stabilization to the shoulder joint in large animals?
Medial - subscapularis m.
Lateral - infraspinatus m.
Supraspinatus stabilizes entire shoulder joint
What is the fibrous structure that runs from the biceps brachii muscle to the extensor carpi radialis m.?
Lacertus fibrosus
T or F:
In ruminants, the lower canine masquerades as an incisor.
True!
Where are the bursae located for the funicular nuchal ligament in the horse?
Over the dorsal arch of the ATLAS
Over the withers (T2 - T4)
Where is the horse esophagus located with respect to trachea at C4?
left lateral side
Which muscles comprise the "strap" muscles in the horse?
Sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus
With regard to the position of the brachiocephalicus m., describe the location of omotransversarius in the horse and in the ox.
Horse - omo is dorsal to brachio
Ox - omo is deep to brachio
Which of the following forms the ventral boundary of the jugular groove in the sheep?
Sternomandibularis
Cleidomastoideus
Omohyoideus
Sternohyoideus
None of the above
None of the above! Sheep have no sternomandibularis but they DO have a sternomastoideus
T or F:
The sternomandibularis m. attaches to the zygomatic arch in goats and sheep.
False!
Only in goats! Sheep have NO STERNOMANDIBULARIS!!
A horse with bicipital bursitis will exhibit significant pain during flexion of the shoulder and....
...extension of the elbow.
(bursitis hurts when muscle stretches not contracts)
T or F:
The extensor retinaculum binds down extensor tendons in the carpal canal.
False!
The FLEXOR RETINACULUM binds down FLEXOR tendons in the carpal canal.
Metacarpal III is known as what in horse-speak?
Cannon bone
The proximal and middle phalanges of digit 3 are known as what in horse-speak?
Long and short pastern bones (respectively)
What is the distal phalanx and the distal sesamoid known as in horse-speak?
Distal phalanx = coffin bone
Distal sesamoid = navicular bone
What are the proximal sesamoids known as in horse-speak?
Nothing. They're still proximal sesamoids apparently.
What are the extensors of the horse forelimb?
Flexor carpi radialis
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Extensor carpi obliquus
T or F:
The lateral digital extensor only extends the carpus and digit in the horse and ruminant.
False!
It also flexes the elbow in the ruminant.
Which extensor tendons insert on the distal phalanx of digit 4 in the ox?
Lateral head of the CDE
Lateral digital extensor
Which extensor tendons insert on the distal phalanx of digit 3 in the ox?
Lateral head of the CDE
Medial head of the CDE
Which of the flexors are innervated by the ulnar nerve in large animals?
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Superficial digital flexor
Part of Deep digital flexor
Interosseus
T or F:
In the large animal antebrachium, the radial nerve ONLY innervates extensors of the carpus.
False!
It also innervates ulnaris lateralis which is technically a carpal flexor
Between which two structures does the proximal check ligament course?
Distal radius
SDF tendon
Between which two structures does the distal check ligament course?
Palmar carpal ligament
DDF tendon
Which muscle(s) comprises the suspensory ligament? Where does this ligament insert?
Interosseus m. (mostly a tendon)
Runs from distal row of metacarpals to proximal sesamoid boines
What structure prevents the fetlock from overextending?
Suspensory ligament (interosseus)
T or F:
The suspensory ligament communicates with the common digital extensor tendon.
True!
What is the difference between the scapula of a ruminant and and equid?
Ruminant has an acromion
What is the difference between the humerus of a ruminant and an equid?
Equid has an intermediate tubercle
Which vein is known as the spur vein? Where does it drain into?
Superficial thoracic v. drains into the thoracodorsal v. or directly into the axillary v.
Which muscles flex the shoulder of the horse?
Latissimus dorsi
Deltoideus
Teres minor
Teres major
Triceps brachii (long head)
Coracobrachialis
Which muscles extend the shoulder of the horse?
Supraspinatus
Biceps brachii
Which muscles are responsible to prevent pinching of the equine elbow capsule during extension?
Anconeus
Triceps (lateral head)
What action do teres major and minor have in common? How are they antagonistic?
Both flex the shoulder
Major adducts the brachium while minor abducts the brachium
T or F:
The accessory head of the triceps brachii assists the anconeus in preventing pinching of the horse elbow capsule.
False! This describes the lateral head. The horse has no accessory head!
"Capped Elbow" involves inflammation of which bursa?
Subtendinous and/or subcutaneous bursae of the elbow
T or F:
In large animals, the bicipital bursa is separate from the shoulder joint.
False!
This is true in the horse and ox but the bicipital bursa is part of the shoulder joint capsule in the sheep and goat.
Why are foals like the devil?
Deciduous tooth eruption:
6 days I1
6 weeks I2
6 months I3
Describe the eruption of permanent premolars and molars in the horse.
P1 (wolf tooth) 5-6 months
M1 1yr
M2 2 yrs
P2 2.5yrs
P3 3yrs
M3 3.5 to 4 yrs
P4 4yrs
What are the protuberances found on the ventral mandibular border of young horses called?
Transitory tubercles
T or F:
The cup and the infundibulum are synonymous.
False!
The infundibulum is the invagination of enamel while the cup describes the cavity formed.
T or F:
It is possible to see enamel spots and dental stars on the same tooth.
True!
T or F:
It is possible to see cups and enamel spots on the same tooth.
False!
Enamel spots are the bottom of the infundibulum left after the cup is gone.
What is the permanent dental formula for the ox?
2 (I 0/3, C 0/1, P 3/3, M 3/3)
Why does the horse not have a round globe for its eye?
Allows for 2 different focal lengths (near and far) without changing lens shape.
Which nerves should be blocked for an equine ocular exam and how is this accomplished?
Auriculopalpebral n. (zygomatic br.) - summit to zygomatic arch
Supraorbital n. - supraorbital foramen
Which nerves should be blocked for a bovine eye enucleation? Where are these blocked?
Oculomotor, trochlear, abducens, opthalmic and maxillary nn. (foramen orbitorotundum)

Auriculopalpebral n. (summit of zygomatic arch)
What bony structure(s) may be contacted during a Peterson Eye Block?
Coronoid process of mandible
Pterygoid crest
T or F:
The dog and the horse are the only domestic species with cuneiform processes on the arytenoid cartilages.
False!
While it's true that they are the only 2 domestic species with these processes; the horse has the cuneiform process on the epiglottis!
Contrast the larynx of the horse and the ruminant.
Horse - cuneiform process on epiglottis
Horse - large caudal notch on thyroid cartilage
Horse - has laryngeal ventricle
Horse - thyroarytenoideus split into vocalis and ventricularis mm.
Which laryngeal muscle enlarges the glottic cleft?
Cricoarytenoideus dorsalis m.
T or F:
All of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles narrow the glottic cleft except for cricoarytenoideus dorsalis.
True!
Epiglottic entrapment involves the epiglottis being trapped in which mucosal fold?
Aryepiglottic fold
When passing a nasogastric tube in the horse, what are some structures that might be impediments?
Nasal diverticulum
Pharyngeal recess
Auditory tube (and plica salpingopharyngea)
Piriform recess
Larynx/trachea
Which tonsils are located in the equine nasopharynx? In the bovid nasopharynx?
Pharyngeal tonsils and tubal tonsils in both
T or F:
The palatine tonsils of equids are oriented ventrally while those of ruminants are oriented dorsally.
True
What is the unique invagination of the bovid palatine tonsil known as?
Tonsillar sinus
Which muscles are the rostral pharyngeal constrictors?
Pterygopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Which muscle closes the choana during swallowing?
Levator veli palatini
Which salivary gland does the ox have that isn't present in the horse?
Sublingual monostomatic salivary gland
T or F:
The parotid duct courses with the facial a. and v. in the horse but is variable in location in all ruminants.
False (kinda)
It courses w/the facial a. in the ox but is variable in goat and sheep
Which equine lymph node forms a v-shaped structure?
Mandibular ln.
The dorsal and ventral buccal brs. are branches of which nerve?
Facial n. (CN VII)
The auriculotemporal n. is a branch of which nerve?
Trigeminal n. (CN V)
The auriculopalpebral n. is a branch of which nerve? What are its two branches?
Facial n. (CN VII);
Zygomatic and rostral auricular brs.
Where is the ventral buccal br. found in the ruminant?
Along the ventral border of the masseter m.
Transverse facial n. is a branch of which nerve?
From auriculotemporal (branch of CN V)
From which nerve does the cornual nerve arise? Where is it blocked?
From the zygomaticotemporal n. (opthalmic div. of CN V)
Block midway between lateral canthus and base of horn just ventral to temporal line.
Where would blocks be placed to de-horn a goat? Which nerves are blocked?
Cornual n. (opthalmic CNV) - btw lateral canthus and base of horn

Infratrochlear n. (opthalmic CNV) - between medial canthus and base of horn
T or F:
The bovid has no internal carotid artery.
True!
Which major superficial artery of the head is lacking in the caprine? Which artery takes over in this case?
No facial artery!
Transverse facial does the job.
T or F:
In the horse the sublingual a. arises from the lingual a. while it arises from the facial a. in the ox.
False!
Its the other way around...
In the horse, sublingual arises from facial
In the ox, sublingual arises from lingual
Which three facial veins have large sinuses in the head of the horse?
Transverse facial
Deep facial
Buccal vv.
T or F:
The small ruminant has no facial v. and the transverse facial v. "does the job".
False!
The small ruminant has no facial ARTERY!!
Why must venipuncture be performed on the cranial third of a llama's neck?
Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae obscure the external jugular on the caudal 2/3.
Which large animal(s) has an infraorbital cutaneous pouch?
Sheep
Which large animal(s) have horn glands?
Goat
What structure prevents the acquisition of a facial artery pulse in an ox?
The sternomandibularis tendon of insertion
What are the three parts of digastricus in the horse?
Rostral part
Caudal part
Occipitomandibular part
What are the main muscles of mastication in large animals?
Temporalis
Masseter
Pterygoideus (medial and lateral)
Digastricus
Which head of pterygoideus is the largest?
Medial
Which masticatory muscle is responsible for lateral motion?
pterygoideus
What are the boundaries for IM injections in the neck of the horse?
Dorsal - crest
Ventral - cervical vertebrae (dorsal border of omotransversarius)