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155 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are normal TPR ranges for an adult horse?
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T 99-100.8
P 32-44 R 8-20 |
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What are normal TPR ranges for an adult cow?
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T 98-102.4
P 60-80 R 18-28 |
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What are normal TPR ranges for an adult sheep?
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T 100.9 - 103.8
P 70-80 R 12-20 |
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What are normal TPR ranges for an adult goat?
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T 101.7 - 104.5
P 70-80 R 12-20 |
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What might cause a cow to stand with an arched back?
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abdominal or kidney pain
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Why might a horse stand with the rear legs under the body (farther forward than normal)?
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Pain in front (eg laminitis)
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What is the BCS range for horses? For cows?
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Horses 1-9;
Cows 1-5 |
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Where are major sites for BCS judgement in a horse?
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Ribs, Withers, Tailhead, Neck, Shoulder, Back
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Where are major sites for BCS judgement in a cow?
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Tailhead, Loin (paralumbar fossa)
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What is a "papple" shape in a cow usually indicative of?
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LDA (enlarged high left, and low right)
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What is a good site to perform a skin tent in horses?
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upper eyelid
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Which lymph nodes of the horse are easily palpable?
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Submandibular lnn. is pretty much it
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Which lymph node is NOT normally palpable in the cow?
a) Submandibular b) Parotid c) Popliteal d) Mammary e) Iliofemoral |
c) Popliteal is NOT normally palpable
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What are the boundaries of the lung field in the horse? In the cow?
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Horse (point of elbow, withers, tuber coxae)
Cow (point of elbow, withers, halfway across chest) |
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How long should it take to regain normal breathing patterns in a large animal once a rebreathing bag is removed?
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3 to 4 breaths
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Which side is the colon auscultated on in the horse? How about the rumen in the cow?
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Colon is Right
Rumen is Left |
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Which structure(s) is/are not normally palpated per rectum in the horse?
a) Spleen b) Right Kidney c) Cecum d) Pelvic Flexure e) Duodenum |
b) right kidney (can palpate left though)
e) duodenum |
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A dog with cyanotic mucous membranes should have a PCV of at least:
a) 25% b) 20% c) 15% d) 12% e) 10% |
c) 15%; otherwise not enough hemoglobin to turn blue!
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What is one place that should always be inspected with a vomiting cat?
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Under the tongue (look for string = linear foreign body)
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T or F:
The thyroid is normally palpated in small animals but not large animals. |
False!
If the thyroid is ever palpated, it's usually too large! |
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Fill in the blanks:
Crackling in the lungs indicates a/an ______________ issue while a wheeze indicates a/an ___________issue. |
Crackle = alveolar
Wheeze = bronchial |
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What abdominal organs can normally be palpated in the dog?
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Caudal border of the liver
Stomach (if full) Spleen (maybe) L kidney (maybe) Bladder (if full) Maybe intestines |
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What abdominal organs can normally be palpated in the cat?
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Caudal border of the liver
Stomach (if full) Spleen (maybe) R and L kidney Intestines Bladder (if full) |
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It's 4:40, do you know where your anal glands are???
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4 and 8 o'clock
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Dogs with what type of presentation ALWAYS get a rectal exam?
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Old male dogs
Sick male dogs |
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What is felt for in a male dog rectal exam?
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Prostate (size and symmetry)
Anal tone Sublumbar lnn. |
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Which small animal lymph node is a good indicator of systemic disease?
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Popliteal lymph node
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Describe the path of the otic canal in the dog.
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First goes craniomedial, then medial
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Which diagnosis describes the exact cause of something?
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Etiological diagnosis
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What are the methods for reaching a diagnosis (there are 4)?
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Exhaustive
Pattern recognition Hypothetic-deductive reasoning Problem-oriented |
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In deciding which problem to work first, how is the pivot problem determined?
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Most severe, most frequent, or biggest owner concern
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How is information entered into patient progress notes at OSU?
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use SOAP
Subjective, Objective, Assessment, Plans/Pain |
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Choose S, O, A, or P...
...Lab results |
Objective
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Choose S, O, A, or P...
...History |
Subjective
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Choose S, O, A, or P...
...Diagnosis and prognosis |
Assessment
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Describe the normal fluid intake (in % body weight) of horses, cows, and neonates large animals
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Horses - 4-6%
Cows 7-10% Neonates 20-25% |
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Where does most normal GI secretion occur? Approximately what % body weight is excreted daily?
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Salivary glands
Biliary system Stomach to jejunum 12-22% BW excreted daily |
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What are the 3 mechanisms of diarrhea?
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Secretory
Osmotic (malabsorption/maldigestion) Exudative |
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What are the two mechanisms by which E. coli causes diarrhea? Which is most important?
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1) increased cAMP resulting in increased Na loss (Secretory)
2) enteric stimulation causing Cl loss (secretory; most important) |
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What are some causes of maldigestive osmotic diarrhea?
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Poor chewing/mixing
Lack of acid/enzyme production Loss of areas of production (eg: ulcers and other lesions) |
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What are the two mechanisms resulting in malabsorptive diarrhea?
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Thickening of gut wall
Loss of surface area (blunted villi) |
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Which of the following are common uses for fluids?
a) Diuresis b) Dilute toxin c) Decrease cardiac workload d) Correct electrolyte imbalance e) Increase circulatory volume |
A, B, D, and E
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What are the major fluid compartments (there are 4)? Which is readily measurable?
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Intracellular
Intravascular Extracellular Fluid (measurable) Extravascular ECF Transcellular |
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What % BW volume of blood (IV-ECF) is found in small animals? In ruminants/large animals?
what about a fat animal? |
SA - 8%
LA - 6-7% fat animals are 0.4x BW because fat is hydrophobic |
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How much ECF (% body wt) do small animals possess? Large animals? Neonates?
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SA - 40%
LA - 30% Neonates - normal + 20% |
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What are the 4 types of fluids?
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Crystalloids
Colloids Whole blood/blood replacers Energy Supplements |
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Shock dose is equal to what proportion of an animal's blood volume?
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Their ENTIRE blood volume!
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Skin tent of 1-3 sec and mucous membranes that are moist and slightly tacky indicates what % dehydration?
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6%
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Describe the skin tent and mucous membranes for a patient that is 8% dehydrated.
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3-5sec tent
tacky membranes |
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Describe the skin tent and mucous membranes for a patient that is 10% dehydrated.
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5+ sec tent
dry membranes |
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What lab values would be seen in a dehydrated animal?
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Increased PCV (hemoconcentration);
azotemia (prerenal) |
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What are maintenance levels (in % BW) for fluids in a horse? Cow? Small animal? Neonate?
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Horse 4-6%
Cow 7-10% SA 6-8% Neonate 10% |
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What is a good indicator that you can reduce fluid therapy?
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Copious urination!
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What are the 6 general causes of weight loss?
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Increased metabolic demand
Inadequate feed/water intake Poor feed quality Inability/reluctance to eat Incomplete digestion/absorption of nutrients Increased loss after nutrient absorption |
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What can cause increased loss after nutrient absorption, resulting in weight loss?
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Parasites
Renal dz Protein losing enteropathy 3rd space sequestration |
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What is a sign of renal dz in horses?
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Excessive tartar around teeth (Ca deposits)
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What process can increase metabolic demands dramatically, resulting in weight loss?
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Chronic inflammation
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Which of the following is NOT likely to change in large animal intestinal disease?
a) Frequency b) presence of blood c) Tenesmus d) presence of fat e) vomiting/colic |
d) presence of fat
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How many ribs in a horse? A cow? A dog?
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Horse - 18pairs
Cow and dog - 13 pairs |
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What are two major (and easily correctable) reasons for inadequate food/water intake?
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Poor management
Lack of owner education |
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Which of the following are factors contributing to weight loss by incomplete digestion or absorption?
a) Pancreatic dysfunction b) Sm/lg intestine dysfunction c) Neurologic dysfunction d) 3rd space sequestration e) Granulomatous enteritis |
a) Pancreatic dysfunction
b) Sm/lg intestine dysfunction e) Granulomatous enteritis |
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What are some PATHOLOGIC reasons for weight loss due to increased metabolic demands?
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Neoplasia
Chronic pain Chronic lameness Chronic inflammation Renal/liver failure |
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What data outside of the minimum database might be collected in working-up a weight-loss case?
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Thyroid testing
Abdominal rads Abdominocentesis Fecal parasite test FIV/FeLV testing |
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...involves abdominal contractions. |
..vomiting
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...may involve dysfunctions of cranial nerves. |
...dysphagia
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...occurs after swallowing but without abdominal muscular involvement. |
...regurgitation
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...may be associated with myasthenia gravis. |
...regurgitation
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What are the 3 categories of dysphagia?
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Oral
Pharyngeal Cricopharyngeal |
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Closure of which structure is more critical than epiglottis closure in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing?
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Vocal folds
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Turkey poking is associated with which phase of dysphagia?
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Oral phase
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Repeated attempts to swallow are associated with which phase of dysphagia?
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Pharyngeal phase
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Coughing/gagging upon swallowing is associated with which phase of dysphagia?
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Cricopharyngeal phase
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...may be seen up to several hours after eating. |
Vomiting OR regurgitaiton
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Choose dysphagia, regurgitation, or vomiting...
...presence of whit stable foam evident. |
Regurgitation
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What are the major categories of shock?
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Hypovolemic
Cardiogenic Obstructive Distributive |
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Define shock.
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Systemic hypoperfusion due to reduction in cardiac output or circulating volume.
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What is the baroreceptor response to hypovolemia?
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Loss of stretch sensed by medulla, causing decreased sympathetic inhibition leading to vasoconstriction and increased HR.
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What organ responds to hypoperfusion? How does this organ respond?
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Reduced GFR in the kidney triggers renin/angiotensin and aldosterone.
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What are the subcategories of distributive shock?
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Neurogenic, Inflammatory (anaphylactic, septic, toxic)
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What are examples of non-hemorrhagic hypovolemic shock?
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3rd space loss
profound dehydration burns |
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What type of shock is a big problem in large animals?
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Septic shock
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What are the effects of bradykinin? What type of shock is this associated with?
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Profound hypotension, pain, naturiesis, fever; (caused by septic shock)
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What are the three stages of shock?
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Compensatory
Early decompensatory Decompensatory (terminal) stage |
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what % of BW is water secreted into the gut?
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12-22%
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what is the total daily amount of fluid entering the gut of an animal?
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roughly equal to the ECF
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how much water entering the gut is absorbed before excretion? how much of an animals total water is in feces?
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99% absorbed
0.1-0.3% in feces |
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what species has the highest colonic reserve capacity?
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small ruminants
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name and describe the two types of absorptive cycles in the gut
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macrocycle--front of gut does secretion, back of gut does absorption
microcycle--crypts does secretion, back does absorption |
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Crypt cells take in large amounts of NaCl from the _______
They have a highly _______ charge inside the cell, causing _______ to diffuse into the lumen |
interstitium
negative Cl |
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________cells pump sodium out of their ICF and into the interstitium
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crypt
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which enteric cell has a low [Na] gradient, crypt of villus?
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villus
Crypt cells pump IN NaCl from the interstitium |
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Villus cells have both a low ______ and net ______ charge, promoting _________diffusion of _______ INTO the cell
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[Na]
negative charge facilitated diffusion Na |
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which cell has a net negative charge, a crypt cell or a villous cell?
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both!
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which intestinal cell has a basolateral Na pump?
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villus cells
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what are the three ways large food particles are broken down?
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mechanical
enzymatic hydrolytics |
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name some major sites of enzymatic digestion
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mouth (saliva)
stomach (H+) duodenum (pancreatic enzymes) SI (brush border) |
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stimulating the enteric nervous system stimulates...
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crypt division
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what is the name of the cholera-like toxin that E coli produces?
what toxin is important for livestock? |
heat labile toxin
stable toxin |
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what lesions are seen with E coli secretory diarrhea? Salmonella?
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E. coli- none
Salmonella-inflammation (prostaglandins) |
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what two things cause secretory diarrhea with a salmonella infection?
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prostaglandins
hydroxy fatty acids |
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name some things that can cause thickening of the gut wall?
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neoplasia
fibrous reactions inflammatory infiltrates edema |
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__________ intestinal motility can lead to osmotic diarrhea.
why? (2 reasons) |
slowed
slowed transit-->poor mixing cycles-->osmotic gradient increased fermentation-->osmotic gradient |
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true or false: increased motility can cause diarrhea all on its own
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false (unlikely)
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exudative diarrhea is usually a result of_________
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inflammatory processes
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what seeps out into the intestines with exudative diarrhea?
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protein, plasma, serum, lymph
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true or false: exudative diarrheas are usually more severe than other types because they indicate a severe degree of tissue damage
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true
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an increase in fecal volume indicates a ________ intestinal problem
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small
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mucus is indicative of _______ disease
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large instinal
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melena indicates _____ disease while hematochezia indicates ____ disease
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small intestinal
large intestinal |
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steatorrhea indicates ______ disease
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small intestinal
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a change in stool color (aside from blood) indicates _______ disease
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small intestinal
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tenesmus indicates _______ disease
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large intestines
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an animal has an increased frequency and urgency to defecate, indicating a _______ disease
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large intestinal
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if an animal is vomiting, it indicates a ________ intestinal disease
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small
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if an animal is gassy, what part of the intestine is affect? losing weight?
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small
small |
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define transcellular fluid
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fluids that are still being modified by the body prior to excretion
e.g. glomerular filtrate, intestinal contents |
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what is a good estimator of ECF wrt BW for adult large animals? neonates?
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0.3 x BW adult large
0.5 x BW for neonate large |
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what is a good estimate of ECF wrt BW for adult small animals? nenoate?
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0.4 x BW adult small
0.6 x BW neonate small |
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when do you use crystalloids?
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to replace water and correct electrolyte balances
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when do you use colloids? (3 reasons)
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to replace lost proteins
increase colloid pressure supply deficient/specific immunoglobulins/clotting factors |
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name two reasons to use blood/blood replaces
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same reasons as colloids (lost proteins, immunoglobulins, clotting factors, etc)
increase oxygen carrying capacity |
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which two types of fluids can be used as either maintenance or replacement?
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crystalloids
energy supplements |
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how long do you give a shock dose over?
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20 minutes
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what's a good technique for judging dehydration?
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% body weight lost
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what are three good ways to measure hydration status (if you don't have a previous weight)
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BUN and creatinine
PCV and total protein Perfusion |
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what value is used to measure perfusion?
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lactate
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a subclinically dehydrated animal will have lost a body weight of...?
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less than 6%
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a replacement dose is usually given over ______
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2-4 hours
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what is the maintenance fluid dose for an adult small animal? neonate small animal?
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6-8% BW(60-80ml/kg/day)
10% BW (100ml/kg/day) |
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what is the maintenance fluid dose for an adult horse? adult cattle? neonate large animal?
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adult horse 4-6% BW (40-60ml/kg/day)
adult cattle 7-10% BW (70-100ml/kg/day) neonate large 10% BW (100ml/kg/day) |
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can you give hypertonic fluids via SC? glucose?
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no
no. they all would pull water out of vessels, think about it. |
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name things you can keep an eye on to avoid over-hydration and overtreatment
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body weight
HR CVP PCV/TP Urine volume Evidence of pulmonary/peripheral edema, cerebral edema, ascites |
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what is the biggest danger of fluids?
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creating too high hydrostatic pressure
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what is a cough?
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sudden forceful expiration against a closed glottis followed by the opening of a glottis and turbulent air-flow through the opening
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what is the intent of a cough?
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to carry foreign material out with air
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which species is much less sensitive to mechanical stimulation than other species?
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horses
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proximal airways are more susceptible to _______ stimulation while distal airways are more susceptible to ______ stimuli
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mechanical
chemical |
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what is the expiratory reflex?
when can you cause it? |
a cough that occurs without inspiration, happens from direct stimulation of the larynx
intubation, for example |
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your patient has a respiratory disease and you take some lung aspirates. name three things you can submit them for
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cytology
culture virus isolation PCR |
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what type of endoscopy is used for intrathoracic structures?
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rigid
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true or false: systemic hypertension causes heart failure
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false
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what drug group are the best cough suppressants?
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opiods
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why dont we often use morphine for treatin cough?
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side effects
sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, constipation |
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what are the two most commonly used and most effective cough suppressants?
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butrophanol
hydrocodone |
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name an over the counter opiod that can be used to treat cough
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dextromorphan
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name two diseases in which bronchoconstriction is most prominent
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feline asthma
chronic bronchitis |
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define dyspnea
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labored breathing
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who senses hypoxia?
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chemoreceptors in carotid bodies and aortic arch
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chemoreceptors in which location sense acidosis?
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both central and peripheral!
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if an animal has effort on inspiration, the disease is in the...
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upper respiratory tract
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if an animal has effort on expiration, an animal has disease in the....
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lower respiratory tract
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if an animal has effort on both inspiration and expiration, your patient has....
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an obstruction
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define stertor
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loud nasal breathing
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define stridodr
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increase in noise at pharynx and larynx
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what is the difference between tachypnea and hyperpnea?
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tachypnea= increased respiratory rate
hyperpnea= increased rate and depth |
