Brs Physio Neuro Cardio Resp

Front 1

multi-unit smooth muscles found where?

Back 1

iris, ciliary muscle of lens, vas deferens (most smooth muscle is single-unit, works together)

Front 2

how is smooth muscle contraction regulated?

Back 2

NOT by tropomysin. Instead, Ca binds calmodulin. This complex activates MLCK which phosphorylates myosin-->activation

Front 3

what is hexamothonium?

Back 3

a ganglionic blocker that blocks nicotinic R (Ach) at AUTONOMIC ganglia but not @ NMJ

Front 4

effect of Muscarinic R agonist in SA node?

Back 4

inhibits AC which -->opens K+ channels and slows rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization--> dec'd HR

Front 5

steps in photoreceptor pathway

Back 5

light + 11-cis-retinal-->all-trans retinal-->metarhodopsin II -->transducin--> dec'd cGMP -->closure of Na+ channels --> hyperpol'n

Front 6

3 cortical cell types in receptive fields of visual cortex?

Back 6

simple cells (bars of light), complex cells (moving bars and edges), hypercomplex cells (lines w/particular length, curves and angles)

Hint 6

None

Front 7

perilymph vs endolymph composition

Back 7

perilymph--high [Na]; endolymph--high [K+]

Front 8

what do utricle and saccule detect?

Back 8

linear acceleration

Front 9

stereocilia bent towards kinocilia-->

Back 9

excitation

Front 10

what are the only neurons of adult human that replace themselves?

Back 10

olfactory

Front 11

what is noxious/painful smell stimuli detected by?

Back 11

CN V

Front 12

ant vs post tongue

Back 12

ant 2/3--CN VII, sweet/salty, fungiform; post 1/3--CN IX, bitter/sour, foliate&circumvallate

Front 13

pathway of taste

Back 13

VII, IX, X--> medulla, ascend in SOLITARY TRACT, terminate on 2o neurons in SOLITARY NUCLEUS, ipsi to VPM to taste cortex

Front 14

paraplegic lesion at C7-->

Back 14

loss of sympathetic tone to heart

Front 15

paraplegic lesion at C3-->

Back 15

breathing mm disconnected from brainstem control centers

Front 16

paraplegic lesion at C1-->

Back 16

death

Front 17

lesions above red nucleus lead to what kind of posturing?

Back 17

decorticate

Front 18

what are climbing fibers?

Back 18

originate in inferior olive (medulla); make multiple synapses onto Purkinje cells (middle layer cerebellum)--> complex spikes; "condition" Purkinje cells (role in cerebellar motor learning?)

Front 19

output of cerebellar cortex?

Back 19

Purkinje cells--inhibitory!

Front 20

lesion of globus pallidus-->

Back 20

inability to maintain postural support

Front 21

what EEG waves predominate in a)alert b)relaxed c) asleep

Back 21

a) beta waves b) alpha waves c) slow waves

Front 22

what is the effect of IL-1 on temperature?

Back 22

IL-1 acts on anterior hypothalamus to increase prod'n of prostaglandins which increases T setpoint

Front 23

site of highest R in: a)cardiovascular b) pulmonary

Back 23

a) arterioles; b) medium bronchi

Front 24

what is Reynold's number?

Back 24

predicts whether blood flow will be laminar or turbulent (higher-->turbulent)

Front 25

dromotropic effect=?

Back 25

change in CONDUCTION VELOCITY (PR int)

Front 26

2 mechanisms by which beta 1 R stimulate inc'd contractility of heart

Back 26

1) inc'd inward current of Ca2+ during plateau phase; 2) phosphorylation of phospholambin-->inc'd activity of SR Ca pump

Front 27

what is Hering's nerve?

Back 27

carotid sinus n. (dec'd stretch--> dec'd firing of this nerve (CN IX)

Front 28

2 effects of angiotensin II

Back 28

1) stimulates synthesis and secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex (acts on aldosterone synthase); 2) vasoconstricts arterioles

Hint 28

None

Front 29

Cushing reaction

Back 29

inc'd ICP--> compression of cerebral blood vessels-->ischemia-->chemoR stim'd in vasomotor center-->inc'd symp outflow in inc'd BP

Front 30

2 effects of vasopressin/ADH

Back 30

1) acts on V1 R in arterioles--vasocontrict; 2) acts on V2 R in CCD--H20 resorb.

Front 31

when/from where is ANP released?

Back 31

from atria in response to inc'd atrial P

Front 32

effects of ANP?

Back 32

relaxation of vascular smc; inc'd excretion of Na, H20; inihibits renin secretion

Front 33

in general, PG E's are?

Back 33

vasodilators

Front 34

in general, PG F's are?

Back 34

vasoconstrictors

Front 35

how tell if surfactant levels in fetus are "mature"

Back 35

lecithin:sphingomyelin >2:1

Front 36

methemoglobin

Back 36

Fe3+ (ferric) bound to Hb (instead of Fe2+)

Front 37

~%Hb sat'n of PO2 of 100 mmHg?

Back 37

100%

Front 38

~75% Hb sat'n corresponds to what PO2?

Back 38

40mmHg

Front 39

~50% Hb sat'n corresponds to what PO2?

Back 39

25mmHg

Front 40

effect of pH on Hb-O2 dissoc'n curve?

Back 40

dec'd pH (acidic)--> right shift and lower affinity

Front 41

what is the Chloride Shift?

Back 41

in RBCs, CO2 diffuses in -->H2CO3 (via carbonic anhydrase) --> H+ and HCO3-. The bicarb is exchanged for Cl- and leaves RBC

Front 42

where is V/Q highest?

Back 42

at apex (even though both V and Q are lowest there)

Front 43

dorsal respiratory group vs. ventral respiratory group

Back 43

dorsal--inspiration, basic rhythm, input from CN IX, X, output via phrenic; ventral--expiration but only if active (i.e. during exercise)

Front 44

apneustic center?

Back 44

in lower pons, stimulates inspiration (-->deep and prolonged inspiratory gasp)

Front 45

pneumotaxic center?

Back 45

in upper pons, inhibits inspiration (-->regulates inspiratory vol and RR)

Front 46

how do central chemoreceptors work?

Back 46

sensitive to pH of CSF, yet H+ cannot easily cross BBB. CO2 crosses and --> H+ and HCO3-. This H+ directly acts on chemoR

Front 47

when are carotid and aortic chemoR stimulated, in terms of PO2?

Back 47

if PO2<60mmHg

Front 48

Hering-Breuer reflex?

Back 48

distention of lung stretch R (in sm mm of airways) -->reflex decrease in breathing frequency

Front 49

what are J receptors?

Back 49

juxtacapillary R; in alveolar walls. If capillaries engorged (L heart failure!) these R are stim'd--> rapid, shallow breathing