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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define: hypertrophy
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Increase in size of organ or tissue due to increase in cell size
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Is hypertrophy only due to increase in cell size?
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No. There is also increase in protein synthesis and in the size or number of intracellular organelles.
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What triggers hypertrophy?
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Increased workload leads cells to respond with hypertrophy. (eg. exercise -> increase in skeletal muscle mass; HTN -> enlargement of left ventricle)
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Define: hyperplasia
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Increase in size of organ or tissue due to increase in number of cells.
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Is glandular proliferation in the breast during pregnancy due to hypertrophy or hyperplasia?
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hyperplasia
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What cellular process leads to uterine enlargement in pregnancy?
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BOTH hypertrophy and hyperplasia of uterine smooth muscle
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What are autophagic granules? In what process are they seen?
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Intracytoplasmic vacuoles that contain debris from degraded organelles. Seen in atrophy.
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What are 5 possible reasons for atrophy of organs or tissue, a decrease in mass of pre-existing cell?
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1. disuse
2. deprivation of oxygen or nutrients 3. less endocrine stimulation 4. aging 5. denervation |
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Chronic irritation of the bronchi due to smoking leads to what process?
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squamous metaplasia
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What organelle is primarily affected in the early stage of hypoxic injury? What process is interrupted?
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1. mitochondria
2. decreased oxidative phosphorylation and thus lower ATP production |
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What are 3 consequences in the cell of decreased ATP availability?
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1. failure of Na+/K+ pump
2. disaggregation of ribosomes and failure of protein synthesis 3. stimulation of phosphofructokinase activity |
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What happens in the cell when the Na+/K+ pump fails?
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1. cellular swelling with large cytoplasmic vacuoules
2. swelling of the ER 3. swelling of the mitochondria |
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What is "hydropic change"?
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cellular swelling
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How can you detect irreversible high-amplitude swelling in the mitochondria?
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marked dilatation of the inner mitochondrial space
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What happens when phosphofructokinase activity is increased in the cell?
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1. increased glycolysis
2. lactate accumulation 3. lower intracellular pH |
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Lower pH has what effect on cells?
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reversible clumping of nuclear chromatin
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How do you know when a cell is irreversibly damaged?
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1. massive calcium influx
2. extensive calcification of the mitochondria |
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How long before neurons are irreversibly damaged by hypoxia? What neuronal cells are particularly susceptible to hypoxia?
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1. 3-5 minutes
2. purkinje cells of cerebellum and hippocampal neurons |
