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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the autonomic nervous system?
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A set of pathways to/from the CNS that innervates and regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands. It does distinct from the somatic nervous system, which innervates skeletal muscle
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What are the divisions of the ANS?
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Sympathetic
Parasympathetic Enteric |
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How does the adrenal medulla participate in the sympathetic nervous system?
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It is a specialized sympathetic ganglion
Preganglionic fibers synapse on chromaffin cells These cells secrete epinephrine (80%) and norepinephrine (20%) |
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What neurotransmitter(s) are released by adrenergic neurons?
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Norepinephrine or epinephrine
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What neurotransmitter(s) are released by cholinergic neurons?
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Acetylcholine
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How do sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves differ in terms of preganglionic and postganglionic length?
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Sympathetic: short preganglionic, long postganglionic
Parasympathetic: long preganglionic, short postganglionic |
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Where are alpha 1 adrenergic receptors found?
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Smooth muscle
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Where are alpha 2 adrenergic receptors found?
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GI tract
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Where are beta 1 adrenergic receptors found?
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Heart
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Where are beta 2 adrenergic receptors found?
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Smooth muscle
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Where are N1 cholinergic receptors found?
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Skeletal muscle
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Where are N2 cholinergic receptors found?
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Autonomic ganglia
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Where are M1 muscarinic receptors found?
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CNS
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Where are M2 muscarinic receptors found?
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Heart
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Where are M3 muscarinic receptors found?
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Glands, smooth muscle
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How do ganglionic blockers work?
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They block nicotinic cholinergic receptors. Hexamethonium is an example of a ganglionic blocker
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What is the mechanism of action for muscarinic cholinergic receptors?
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Heart: Gi protein inhibits adenylate cyclase, which leads to the opening of K channels, slowing the rate of spontaneous phase 4 depolarization and decreasing the heart rate
Smooth muscle and glands: Gq stimulates PLC, which increases IP3 and intracellular Ca |
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What are some beta 1 adrenergic antagonists?
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Propanolol
Metoprolol |
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What are some beta 2 adrenergic antagonists?
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Propanolol
Butoxamine |
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What are some nicotinic cholinergic receptor antagonists?
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Curare
Hexamethonium (ganglion only) |
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What is a muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist?
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Atropine
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What type of nerve fiber has the fastest conduction velocity?
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A-alpha fibers. They are fastest because they have the largest diameter
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How do opioids work?
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They inhibit the release of substance P, which conveys pain signals
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What visual lesion is produced by cutting the optic nerve?
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Blindness in the ipsilateral eye
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What visual lesion is produced by cutting the optic chiasm?
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Heteronymous bitemporal hemianopia (peripheral blindness in both eyes)
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What visual lesion is produced by cutting the optic tract?
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Homonymous contralateral hemianopia (blindness on the overall left or right side in both eyes)
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What visual lesion is produced when the geniculcalcarine tract is cut?
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Homonymous contralateral hemianopia with macular sparing
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